卡梅拉塔與早期歌劇11篇
卡梅拉塔與早期歌劇(1)
美麗的賽汗塔拉
美麗的草原，我的家。在內蒙古的中西部，有一座美麗的城市，這就是我的家鄉——包頭。它是鑲嵌在內蒙古大草原上的一顆明珠。在這里有美麗的城中草原——賽汗塔拉。
賽汗塔拉一年四季的風景美如畫。但是，我最喜歡的是它的夏季。每年夏天，媽媽總會帶我來這。走進賽汗塔拉后，首先映入眼簾的就是一個微型人工湖，湖里可隱約見到幾條小魚游來游去，幸運的話，還可以看見小蝌蚪在湖邊忙著找媽媽。穿過人工湖，就會看到一大片的薰衣草，淡藍紫色的小花在周圍小草的映襯下格外的耀眼，其間還夾雜著不知名的黃色或紅色的小花，在遠處就可以聞到薰衣草散發出的淡淡幽香，這香氣不僅吸引來許多游人，而且吸引了不少蝴蝶。它們在花叢中翩翩起舞，好像在向人們訴說著薰衣草的故事。偶爾還可看到幾只蜜蜂在花叢中忙著采蜜。真是一派優美的景色啊！
我愛我的家鄉，更愛這美麗的賽汗塔拉。
卡梅拉塔與早期歌劇(2)
拉梅茲呼吸法認識拉梅茲 隨著預產期的逼近，相信每位準媽媽都是「又期待，又怕受傷害」。希望能早一天看到朝思暮想的寶寶，然而對于傳說或印象中的產痛，又擔心不已。在大家的刻板印象中，『生產』是產婦臉部扭曲，凄厲的哀號聲，聽得人心驚膽跳；來回跺步的先生，只能焦急的苦苦等待。但是生產真的非得是一場可怕的惡夢嗎？ 我們知道生產時的疼痛是很劇烈的。為了減輕產婦在生產過程中的痛苦，自古以來，便有各種不同的嘗試與研究，目前最受矚目的是拉梅茲呼吸法。法國婦產科醫師拉梅茲在一次機緣中接觸「心理預防法」，不久后更前往俄國做深入及進一步學習，發現利用呼吸分散注意力，可減輕生產的痛苦，完成這一套舉世采用的「拉梅茲生產法」。以呼吸法來緩和及控制分娩時的疼痛，可以說是精神性無痛分娩。認識拉梅茲，讓細心體貼的準爸爸和對于產痛會不安與恐懼的準媽媽重新體驗生產大事，幫助準爸爸和準媽媽找到技巧，輕松過關。 拉梅茲生產法自1960年以后，經由美國傳到東方來。由于此法可由丈夫陪同妻子生產而受到大家的注意。拉梅茲生產法，主要是讓準媽媽對于生育有正確及充份的了解，以懷孕七個月時學習最為恰當，拉梅茲生產法除了準媽媽自行練習外，也需準爸爸在旁貼心陪伴，一同練習。 拉梅茲呼吸法拉梅茲的分娩過程與呼吸變化如下：拉梅茲呼吸法主要分為五個階段：胸部呼吸法、嘻嘻輕淺呼吸法、喘息呼吸法、哈氣運動、用力推。第一階段，胸部呼吸法應用在分娩開始的時候﹝子宮頸開三公分以前﹞，呼吸采緩慢的胸式呼吸，此時產婦可感覺到子宮每五至二十分鐘收縮一次，每次收縮約長三十至六十秒，首先讓自己的身體完全放松，眼睛注視著同一點﹝準爸爸可在旁選一固定物品﹞，準媽媽學習由鼻子深深吸一口氣，此時胸部會有挺起的效果，然后慢慢由嘴吐出，此時胸部會慢慢下沉；每分鐘約做六至九次，隨著子宮收縮就開始吸氣、吐氣反覆直到陣痛停止。第二階段，嘻嘻輕淺呼吸法應用在嬰兒一面轉動；一面慢慢由產道下來的時候﹝子宮頸開七公分以前﹞。隨著子宮開始收縮采胸式深呼吸，當子宮強烈收縮時采淺呼吸法，收縮開始減緩時恢復深呼吸。，也就是子宮頸三至七公分的時候，此時產婦可感覺到子宮每二至四分鐘收縮一次，每次收縮約長四十五至六十秒，首先讓自己的身體完全放松，眼睛注視著同一點。準媽媽學習由先將空氣排出后，吸一小口氣，保持輕淺呼吸，讓吸入及吐出的氣等量，此呼吸完全由嘴呼吸，保持呼吸高位在喉嚨，就像發出「嘻嘻」的聲音，當子宮收縮較強烈時，需加速呼吸，反之減慢，需注意呼出的量需與吸入的量相同。練習時由連續二十秒慢慢加長至一次呼吸能達六十秒。第三階段，喘息呼吸法運用在子宮頸快要全開前，也就是﹝子宮頸七至十公分公分的時候﹞，此時產婦可感覺到子宮每六十至九十秒收縮一次，也就是產程最強烈、最難控制的階段，胎兒在這個階段即將要臨盆了。每次收縮約長三十至九十秒，首先讓自己的身體完全放松，眼睛注視著同一點，準媽媽學習由先將空氣排出后，深吸一口氣，接著快速的做四至六次的短呼，感覺就像吹氣球一樣，之后用嘴吸氣，這項呼吸法要比嘻嘻式呼吸淺。練習時由連續四十五秒慢慢加長至一次呼吸能達九十秒。第四階段，哈氣運動運用在產婦想用力將嬰兒送出產道，但是醫師要求產婦還不要用力的時候，先生可在旁提醒產婦不要用力。陣痛開始先深吸一口氣，再來淺吐1、2、3、4，接著大大地吐出所有的「氣」。準媽媽學習快速連續以喘息方式急速呼吸，如同哈氣法直到不想用力為止。練習時每次需達九十秒。第五階段，用力推，也就是子宮頸已經全開了，此時醫師會要求產婦用力，將小孩生下來。此時產婦要能忍受盡量不要用力，待隱約可看到胎頭時，再一起用力，在陣痛開始時深呼吸，強烈陣痛開始時應停止呼吸，待疼痛開始減緩時，一次用力。當胎頭已娩出產道時，產婦可使用短促的呼吸來減緩疼痛。善用拉梅茲產婦用力得當與否，關系著分娩時間的長短。準媽媽先大吸一口氣后馬上憋氣，盡可能憋氣十秒，接著用力，感覺如同解便一般，吐氣后需馬上吸氣再憋氣；在產臺時，雙手握住手把，手肘向外，兩膝抬高，完全放松骨盤底的肌肉，當收縮開始時要趕緊用力，收縮結束時要馬上放松，如此才能將力量有效發揮。 當懷孕后三個月起，準媽媽只要平時在準爸爸的導引下多練習拉梅茲呼吸法，并在生產時能充份使用，便可使產程縮短，并減輕疼痛，使生產不再是一件令人色變的事了。
即將臨盆的您，是否聽到姐妹們描述的自然生產的疼痛？您無法想象自己會是什幺樣子。這樣忐忑不安的情緒，往往讓許多準媽媽們緊張不已，甚至影響產程的進行。 其實，透過“拉瑪澤生產呼吸法”，不斷地練習各種肌肉放松和呼吸技巧，不但可以減緩生產時的疼痛，夫妻間因為共同的練習過程，更可促進彼此間的感情，幫助您克服心中的恐懼，輕松順利地生產。
廓清式呼吸 步驟 1.坐、躺皆可。 2.眼睛注視一個焦點。 3.身體完全放松。 4.用鼻子慢慢吸氣至肚子。 5.用嘴唇像吹蠟燭一樣慢慢呼氣。
手指按摩法 優點 1.協助手部的放松。 2.轉移注意力。 步驟 1.將手輕輕放在下腹部。 2.吸氣時，將手指輕輕從腹部外圍往上做環行按撫。 3.呼氣時，將手指輕輕從腹部中心往下做環行按撫。
胸部呼吸法 運用時機 當孕婦無法做正常活動時，例如無法走路或說話時。 步驟 1.開始時先做一個“廓清式呼吸”，以坐或躺的姿勢皆可。 2.眼睛注視一個定點。 3.身體完全放松。 4.用鼻子慢慢吸氣至胸腔。 5.將嘴唇像吹蠟燭一樣，慢慢呼氣。 6.結束時，再做一個“廓清式呼吸”。 練習 1分鐘做6～9次，每次有60秒的收縮。
“嘻嘻”輕淺呼吸 運用時機 這類型的呼吸形式，通常在做胸部呼吸法無效時使用，于分娩的第二階段（子宮頸擴張3～7厘米）時。 步驟 1.先做一個“廓清式呼吸”。 2.眼睛注視于一個定點。 3.身體完全放松。 4.在做“廓清式呼吸”時，將肺部的空氣排出，吸一小口氣，呼吸保持輕淺，呼出及吸入的氣是等量的，以免換氣過度。 5.呼吸技巧在于嘴巴微微張開，完全用嘴呼吸。 6.保持呼吸高位在喉嚨，用發出“嘻嘻”的聲音，保持用胸部高位呼吸。 7.若使用正確的呼吸技巧，照鏡子時會發現喉嚨會動。 8.繼續輕淺呼吸，有規律感，吸氣與呼氣相等量，用呼吸的速度快慢強弱，配合收縮的強弱。 9.結束時，再做一個“廓清式呼吸”。 練習 在一次子宮收縮中，也許會有幾次感覺最強烈的高點，因此呼吸速度可依需要調節，至少每次練習60秒收縮。
喘息呼吸 運用時機 當“嘻嘻”呼吸無效時，通常運用于分娩中第一產程的末期，不要太早開始此呼吸法，否則在緊要關頭就難以應付了。
步驟 1.開始時做一個“廓清式呼吸”。 2.眼睛完全注視于一點。 3.完全放松。 4.做4～6次喘息呼吸之后，用嘴呼氣，技巧在于用力吹，速度要短要快，像吹袋子一樣，但比“嘻嘻”式呼吸淺。 5.結束時，再做一個“廓清式呼吸”。 練習 此技巧也可用于加速或減速來配合強烈收縮。 每次以90秒的收縮計算，假如有困難，先從45秒開始練習。
拉瑪澤生產法的優點 又稱為“心理預防自然生產法”，其優點： 1.保障母體及胎兒健康。 2.增進夫妻感情。 3.減少藥物的使用，將生產的疼痛降低至人體可以忍受的程度。
身心放松是秘訣 產科專家指出，“拉瑪澤生產呼吸法”必須在身心完全放松的情況下，才能發揮最好的減痛效果。因此，平時丈夫應協助妻子做肌肉放松的練習，進行正確的運動及待產按摩放松技巧。 當子宮收縮時，全身肌肉必須放松，才能讓足夠的氧氣輸送到子宮，以供胎兒使用。此外，肌肉放松后，產婦才能集中精神運用呼吸技巧，以達到減緩疼痛的目的。
吹氣 運動時機 此技巧是用在當子宮尚未完全擴張，而您已經覺得很想用力，醫生卻告訴您還不要用力時。 步驟 1.開始一個收縮時，使用加速或減速的喘息呼吸法。 2.想用力時，繼續短而有力地吹氣，直到這種想法消失之后，再回復使用加速及減速喘息呼吸，慢慢地吸，慢慢地吐。 練習 每一次練習以90秒1次收縮計算，在90秒里，3次感覺強烈的頂峰收縮中有1次想用力。
用力推 運用時機 有些產婦在分娩第二期，沒有想用力的感覺，您也許會以為收縮的間隔較長，很快就過了，所以要把握收縮的機會，馬上用力推。然而，在無收縮時完全放松是非常重要的，這會使您重新得力，以達成最后努力的結果。 步驟 1.開始時，做1～2次“廓清式呼吸”。 2.在待產室的姿勢：雙手握住膝窩處，肘部保持向外，將兩膝抬起分開兩腿，將骨盆底肌肉、腿、腳完全放松。在產房的姿勢：手握住床邊的把手，腳放在拖架上。 3.長長吸一口氣，然后憋氣，馬上用力。 4.由一旁的丈夫協助，下巴向前縮，略抬頭。 5.用力使肺部內的空氣壓向下腹部肌肉。 6.完全放松骨盆底的肌肉，才不會有阻力阻礙寶寶產出。 7.用力時，盡可能憋氣。 8.需要另一次換氣時，保持原有姿勢，馬上把氣呼出，同時馬上吸滿另一口氣，憋氣繼續用力。 9.繼續用力直到收縮完全結束。 10.當收縮結束，平躺，做2次“廓清式呼吸”，完全放松，繼續深呼吸，以彌補用力時造成的缺氧。 練習 每次練習，至少有60秒用力，用力足夠時，骨盆底會有種腫脹感。
練習情境很重要
當懷孕6~7個月時，可以和丈夫一起練習“拉瑪澤生產呼吸法”，練習時須具備以下的條件： 1.舒適的環境。 2.柔和的燈光。 3.輕柔的音樂。 4.愉快的情緒。 5.眼光的定點，可以選擇喜愛的圖案或玩具。
卡梅拉塔與早期歌劇(3)
馬丁·馬吉拉（Martin Margiela，1957年4月9日－）是比利時服裝設計師，出生于比利時亨克。和比利時前衛風格-安特衛普六君子皆為安特衛普皇家藝術學院畢業學生。個人品牌為 Maison Martin Margiela （Maison為法文"家"的意思)。并于2009年正式宣布退出他個人品牌。
品牌介紹
馬丁馬吉拉的空間
馬丁·馬吉拉 (Martin Margiela) 品牌全名是：Maison Martin Margiela
中文全名是： 梅森·馬丁·馬吉拉，但大家習慣用馬丁·馬吉拉 (Martin Margiela)
別號：解構怪才、解構主義大師。
[1]梅森·馬丁·馬吉拉 (Maison Martin Margiela)，曾擔任愛馬仕 (Hermès) 的創意總監，雖然低調到絕跡，卻仍然難以抵擋他在全球時裝設計界的名聲鵲起。
對于梅森·馬丁·馬吉拉 (Maison Martin Margiela)，大家最熟悉的應該是其每季必推的艾滋T恤 (AIDS Tee)，曾推出的顏色多達數十款，亦早已成了不少潮人的收藏品。梅森·馬丁·馬吉拉 (Maison Martin Margiela) 品牌服飾絕對襯得起一個“怪”字。2007年春夏梅森·馬丁·馬吉拉 (Maison Martin Margiela) 新系列中，竟然一反常態，設計了一系列 都市流行的（Urban Chic） 成熟感男裝，并擺脫了一貫的“奇怪”剪裁，實行以優質的用料打動顧客的心。
梅森·馬丁·馬吉拉 (Maison Martin Margiela) 新系列的男裝，以懷舊的70年代風格為主題，整個系列充滿嬉皮士的影子，卻又更顯文雅。多款外套都以較貼身的剪裁為主，如簡約的橫條紋毛衣Sweater、極富英式學院味道的外套，以及暖色系的皮革外套，懷舊之馀又不失時代感。T恤方面，梅森·馬丁·馬吉拉 (Maison Martin Margiela) 2007春夏以圖案T恤作主打，T恤上印有運動鞋、頸巾等特別的圖案，配以V領剪裁，絕不像一般的街頭風格服飾；另外 Sweater 亦是梅森·馬丁·馬吉拉 (Maison Martin Margiela) 2007春夏季的重要元素之一，無論質料及剪裁都充分表現其大師級的技術。
梅森·馬丁·馬吉拉 (Maison Martin Margiela) 的配飾系列，無論戒指、項鏈都充分表現出品牌的創意。例如新推的銀制花生項鏈，手工精細，花生上的紋理極其逼真。此外，以鎖匙為藍本的領帶夾亦見心思。值得一提的，還有一系列的梅森·馬丁·馬吉拉 (Maison Martin Margiela) 皮制飾物，款式十分齊備，由鑰匙扣、錢包、零錢包及信用卡套等都一應俱全。
◆ 馬丁·馬吉拉 (Martin Margiela) 設計師生平：
1959年4月9日 梅森·馬丁·馬吉拉 (Maison Martin Margiela) 出生于比利時 亨克，1980年肆業于安特衛普皇家藝術學院(Antwerp"s Royal Academy of Fine Arts)。
1980~1985年期間，年輕的 梅森·馬丁·馬吉拉 (Maison Martin Margiela) 一直以自由設計師為生。
1985~1987年間， 梅森·馬丁·馬吉拉 (Maison Martin Margiela) 擔任 讓- 保羅- 高提耶(Jean Paul Gaultier) 助手。
1988年， 梅森·馬丁·馬吉拉 (Maison Martin Margiela) 推出以自己名字命名的品牌馬丁·馬吉拉 (Martin Margiela)。
1997年， 梅森·馬丁·馬吉拉 (Maison Martin Margiela) 出任老牌奢侈品品牌愛馬仕 (Hermes) 女裝設計總監。
80年代，日本先鋒設計師時尚教母川久保玲以其極端怪異的設計掀起顛覆傳統時裝的設計風潮，梅森·馬丁·馬吉拉 (Maison Martin Margiela) 深受川久保玲之影響。
梅森·馬丁·馬吉拉 (Maison Martin Margiela) 一向以解構及重組衣服的技術而聞名，解構鬼才說的就是Martin Margiela。他銳利的目光能看穿衣服的構造及布料的特性，如把長袍解構幷改造成短外套、以大量抓破了的舊襪子造成一件毛衣。
馬丁·馬吉拉 (Martin Margiela) 的設計除了極具環保概念，更令人感到訝異的是其作品背后隱藏著設計師無窮無盡的想象力。此外，馬丁·馬吉拉 (Martin Margiela) 亦有著其與別人迥然不同的處事作風，他從不在其時裝發布會中現身，也沒人見過 Martin Margiela 到底長的什么樣，官方答案是：Martin Margiela 就是整個設計團隊。馬丁·馬吉拉 (Martin Margiela) 也更一直使用舊衣架、舊人像模型來陳列其新設計。
◆ 馬丁·馬吉拉 (Martin Margiela) 的布標很值得一提：
馬丁·馬吉拉 (Martin Margiela) 品牌服飾縫在衣服的卷標都只用白色布片，或圈上0~23其中一個數字的布片來示意衣服所屬的設計系列，如0號系列意指手工（Artisanal）系列，女裝基本衣飾則以6號來示意，10號是男裝系列的代號，鞋子便是22號，而印刷品及配件就是13號；隨著系列的更新，亦會有更多不同號碼的出現。
有趣的是，在馬丁·馬吉拉 (Martin Margiela) 品牌專門店里，店員均穿著白色的實驗室工作服 。
卡梅拉塔與早期歌劇(4)
塔拉單寧的提取研究進展
田育苗 生研1005 學號2010001212
摘要：植物單寧是一種具有抗氧化活性的多酚類物質。本文詳細介紹了塔拉單寧的提取方法并對各方法進行了比較說明。
關鍵詞：塔拉；單寧；提取
The extraction progress of tannins in tara
YuMiaoTian Class: 1005 School No. 2010001212
Abstract: Tannin is a plant with antioxidant activity of polyphenols. This paper describes a Tara tannin extraction and compared every method .
Key words: Tara; tannins; extraction
一 塔拉簡介
刺云實又名塔拉，是一種豆科植物。該樹種自然分布主要在南美洲西北部的秘魯、厄瓜多爾、哥倫比亞等國家，盛產于秘魯。塔拉豆殼含塔拉單寧約53%~61%，是生產醫藥、化工產品的重要原料[1]。含單寧的植物很多，但含量能達到50%以上的卻不多，我國單寧產品的主要原料是五倍子，而五倍子因其本身生產條件苛刻，在現在生態條件逐漸惡化的環境條件下，要恢復和重建生產基地不易，因此我國紛紛引進合適的單寧原料樹種。在引進的樹種中，塔拉是比較好的代替五倍子的原料[2]。因此，本文對塔拉單寧的提取進行了系統的綜述報告。
二 單寧簡介
單寧(tannins)概念最早提出時是指植物體內產生的，能使生皮成革的復雜多酚，即鞣質。其傳統定義是指分子量在500-3000，能沉淀生物堿、明膠及其它蛋白質的水溶性多酚化合物，因為分子量小于500的植物多酚幾乎不能在皮膠原纖維問產生有效的交聯作用，分子量大于3000的植物多酚又難于滲透到皮纖維中。可見單寧作為一個功能性名詞，反映了物質的一種屬性[3]。
植物多酚主要為單寧，包括相關化合物（如單寧的前體化合物和單寧的聚合物），按單寧的化學結構通常分為水解類單寧和縮合類單寧。由于單寧為多酚羥基結構，決定了它具有較強的化學和生理活性，現代醫學研究已經證明，很多疾病如組織器官老化等都與過剩的自由基有關，多酚通過清除自由基，能對自由基誘發的生物大分子損傷起到保護作用。
單寧的抗營養性在很多方面得到了應用如在很多功能性食品及減肥茶等中含有較多的多酚成分,對預防疾病、促進身體健康有良好的效果。植物單寧在食品加工中的應用面已經很廣,如用于食品輔色、調味、賦形以及酒水的澄清。這些應用都是單寧與蛋白質、生物堿、多糖結合以及與金屬離子絡合等化學性質的反映。單寧在制藥、生化、日化、食品以及精細化工等高科技領域具有廣闊的應用前景[4]。
三 塔拉單寧提取方法綜述及比較
1 溶劑提取法
溶劑提取法可以直接采用溫水浸提，或者采用有機溶劑——水混合液浸提，例如：乙醇、甲醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯等，不需要特殊的儀器，應用較為普遍，但存在著產品安全性低、耗時長、提取率低等缺點。
具體方法如下：利用水提法將塔拉用熱水浸提，以料液比1:30，提取時間為3h，提取溫度為60°C，得率為49%。
2 超臨界CO2萃取法
超臨界流體萃取分離過程是利用超臨界流體的溶解能力與其密度關系，即利用壓力和溫度對超臨界流體溶解能力的影響而進行的。
超臨界CO2流體的臨界溫度低，因而操作溫度低，能較好地保證有效成分不發生變化，特別適用于那些對熱敏感性強，容易氧化分解破壞成分的提取，而且原料環保，具有很多優勢。但其設備要求比較苛刻，生產成本較高，目前國內還未有用此方法對單寧進行大規模生產，此法僅限于科學研究[5]。
3 微波輔助提取法
微波提取法的作用機理為：微波直接與被分離的物質作用，微波的激活作用導致不同成分的相應差異使萃取物與基體快速分離從而達到分離效果。
所參閱文獻進行了如下研究：
用微波輔助萃取儀經過不同的起始溫度、蒸餾水量、提取次數、功率大小等實驗，確定微波提取塔拉單寧的最佳提取條件為：每次提取加水150—200mL，微波功率400 W，60°C提取20 min，反復提取4次；然后加水150～200 mL，再升溫至70°C提取20min 2次，即可提取完全。單寧含量微波浸提比水浴浸提稍高。由此認為可用此提取方法可替代水浴浸提法[6]。
通過微波輔助浸提取和水浴浸提比較，
微波浸提取塔拉單寧有如下幾方面的優點：
(1)浸提時間短：采用微波輔助浸提能大大縮短浸提所需要的時間。
(2)避免了高溫氧化
(3)提取完全：酚類物質對水有高度的親和性加之微波浸提的優越性，能使塔拉單寧在微波輔助萃取過程中能充分浸提出來，提取較為完全。
(4)節能：不需要在高溫和長時間浸提的條件下，微波輔助浸提和水浴鍋浸提相比，節能特點非常明顯。
但其也具有一定的限制性。如：抽濾技術需要嫻熟、儀器昂貴等。而且其產率提高也不是很明顯，因此，微波提取法只能作為一個輔助手段。
4 膜分離法
膜分離法是以浸提液為原料的，是一種輔助提取法。其工藝流程如下：
圖3.1 膜分離法工藝流程圖
具體方法為：將浸提法得到的塔拉水提液加入到塔拉水提液罐中，通過原料泵將塔拉水提液以一定的壓力和流量，泵入到膜組件中，進行錯流過濾，收集濾液于接受罐中，濾液到一定量后，進行減壓濃縮，噴霧干燥制的單寧粉[7]。
文獻還對膜面流速及溫度對膜通量的影響做了進一步研究。
（1）膜面流速對膜通量的影響
圖3.2 膜面流速對膜通量的影響
由圖可知，膜通量隨著膜面流速的增大而增大，這是由于流速加大，對膜流表面的剪切作用增強，有利于帶走膜表面的顆粒和降低凝膠層的厚度，降低膜表面的污染，從而提高膜通量，但是當流速超過2.0時膜通量增加變緩，因為膜在過濾時表面吸附一層大分子凝膠類物質，它對膜面流速提高產生的剪切力增加不敏感，因此膜通量變化不大，但提高流速能耗會增加，綜合效率和經濟因素最適膜面流速為2.0m/s。
（2）溫度對膜通量的影響
圖3.3 溫度對膜通量的影響圖
經研究，最適溫度為40~45°C。其理論依據是：溫度升高，膜孔徑變大，膜通量變大，且溶液粘度下降，減少了過程阻力，膜通量也會加大，但是有機膜在高溫下長期使用會大大縮短壽命，綜合考慮，最適溫度為40~45°C。
（3）實驗結果及討論
本實驗的最優工藝參數為：使用截留分子量為10000的聚砜膜，跨膜壓差0.2MPa，膜面流速為2.0m/s過濾溫度為40~45°C。
本方法所得單寧純度為85%。其優勢在于用水浸提制取單寧的過程中，由于塔拉粉中夾雜有少量塔拉豆，導致浸提液中含有塔拉多糖，使得提取液粘稠，難以過濾，限制了塔拉單寧的進一步推廣應用，本研究采用聚砜膜提高了塔拉單寧的品質。
5超聲波輔助提取法
超聲波提取主要是利用超聲波的“空化效應”、“機械效應”和“熱效應”，從而達到提高提取率，縮短提取時間的目的。超聲波分離方法也是一種輔助手段，經常與浸提法連用[8]。
文獻對超聲波輔助分離塔拉單寧做了詳細的研究，其結果如下：
（1）提取劑對提取效果的影響
表3.1 不同提取劑的體積配比
圖3.4 不同提取劑的提取效果比較
由上述兩圖比較可知，5號提取劑也就是乙酸乙酯：乙醇=1:1時提取效果最好。
（2）提取溫度對提取效果的影響
圖3.5 提取溫度對提取效果影響
由圖可知，最佳的提取溫度為35-40°C。
（3）超聲頻率對萃取率的影響
圖3.6 超聲頻率對提取效果及抗氧化性的影響
由圖可知，總酚含量和抗氧化性[9]隨超聲頻率的變化幅度基本一致，最佳的超聲頻率為36KHz。
（4）提取時間對提取效率的影響
圖3.7 提取時間對提取效果的影響
（5）試驗結果及討論
由上述討論可知，用乙酸乙酯：乙醇為1:1的80%水溶液（體積比）作為提取溶劑，對塔拉單寧進行超聲波輔助極性分離，其最佳的提取工藝為：提取時間25min，提取溫度40°C，超聲頻率36KHz。產物提取率在70%左右[10]。
6 不同提取方法的比較
表3.2 不同提取方法比較表
試驗方法
得率
優勢
不足
傳統浸提法
49%
設備簡單，操作簡便，成本低
效率低，過熱會破壞其有效成分，本原料含多糖，過濾困難
微波輔助提取法
62%
浸提時間縮短，避免了高溫氧化，節能
設備昂貴，并不是單獨的分離手段，只用于輔助提取
膜分離法
——
分離完全收率高
膜再利用困難，成本高。在本產品制備過程中為輔助手段。
超臨界CO2提取法
57.8%
低碳無毒
儀器費用昂貴
超聲輔助提取法
70%
收率高
最后要做結構檢測，有結構改變的風險
對上述方法進行比較：
以收率為考察指標時：超聲提取法>微波提取法>超臨界CO2提取法>傳統提取法
以生產成本為考察指標時：傳統提取法
卡梅拉塔與早期歌劇(5)
女高音卡莉塔·瑪蒂拉挑戰《托斯卡》女主角
Jewel;（編譯）
【期刊名稱】《歌劇》
【年(卷),期】2006(000)011
【摘要】“扮演托斯卡這個角色會讓人思考如何才能表達這滿腔的痛苦。”第一次在普契尼的歌劇《托斯卡》中扮演女主角的芬蘭女高音卡莉塔·瑪蒂拉在結束她的《托斯卡》后如是說。同時來到芬蘭國家歌劇院的還有大都會歌劇院的總經理彼得·葛爾伯。
【總頁數】1頁(14)
【關鍵詞】《托斯卡》;女主角;瑪蒂拉;大都會歌劇院;國家歌劇院;普契尼
【作者】Jewel;（編譯）
【作者單位】無
【正文語種】英文
【中圖分類】J832
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2.卡莉塔·瑪蒂拉重返舞臺激情演繹《瑪儂·萊斯科》 [J], 查爾斯·沃德; 謝晶晶（編譯）
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以上內容為文獻基本信息，獲取文獻全文請下載
卡梅拉塔與早期歌劇(6)
哈庫拉馬塔塔是什么意思？
導讀：本文是關于生活中常識的，僅供參考，如果覺得很不錯，歡迎點評和分享。
沒有煩惱憂慮
哈庫拉馬塔塔（HAKUNA MATATA）原本是一句古老而神奇的非洲諺語，能消除許多憂愁煩心事。在電影《獅子王》中，丁滿彭彭救了辛巴之后，便教他哈庫拉馬塔塔的人生哲學來忘卻煩惱。
哈庫拉馬塔塔（HAKUNA MATATA）原本是一句古老而神奇的非洲諺語，意為“放下一切煩惱和憂慮，美好生活終會到來”，頗有佛系的味道。在電影《獅子王》中，彭彭的原話是“It means no worry ”，翻譯過來是不用擔心、沒有煩惱，歌詞里也有“It means no worres for the rest of your days"的解釋，意思是你的余生不用擔心，給人以積極的心理暗示。當然也可以理解為“精神勝利法”。
歌詞：
Hakuna Matata!
真是很有意思
Hakuna Matata!
簡單又好記
從現在開始
你不必再擔心
不必像從前
聽天由命
Hakuna Matata!
啊，當他是只小山豬
當我是只小山豬
很好！
謝啦！
看他好象美麗十足，風度翩翩
看來看去好象缺少一些東西
雖然我長得丑，可是很溫柔
我終于，發現我沒辦法，出人頭地！
哎呀，真丟臉
（太丟臉嘍）
我想過改名字
（哦，改什么名字啊？）
后來終于放棄
（為什么呢？）
每次我想……
嘿，彭彭，不要在小孩面前……
啊，對不起
Hakuna Matata!
真是很有意思
Hakuna Matata!
簡單容易記
從現在開始
沒有煩惱憂慮
好！唱下去！
不必像從前
聽天由命
Hakuna Matata!
Hakuna Matata!
Hakuna Matata!
Hakuna Matata!
Hakuna …… 從現在開始
你不必再擔心
不必像從前
聽天由命
Hakuna Matata!
感謝閱讀，希望能幫助您！
卡梅拉塔與早期歌劇(7)
查爾斯與卡米拉情史
紫苜蓿
【期刊名稱】《中關村》
【年(卷),期】2005(000)004
【摘要】直到今天，有關戴安娜的任何訊息在某種程度上仍然是最吸引人們眼球的新聞，這完全是由于這個悲劇美女的命運與長相絕不英俊但貴為英國王子的查爾斯緊密聯系的緣故。查爾斯王子，也因為與戴安娜之間的愛恨情愁，與卡米拉之間懸念叢生的馬拉松戀愛．成為歷史上英國王室恐怕也是世界王室上最受矚目的王子。此間種種情事，有如一個多棱鏡，清晰而又充滿爆炸性地彰顯了英國社會、乃至整個西方世界在消費主義時代的諸多問題：大眾的興起，價值觀的平面化、人性的惡化和掙扎，古老宗教與世俗人權、輿論形象與內心堅守、傳媒的霸權、享樂主義．以及對于傳統道德和浪漫激情的體認與追求……在即將到來的4月8日——查爾斯和卡來拉的大婚形成社會焦點之際．我們邀約了這組文章，從不同層面對這一文化現象進行了深入的解析。
【總頁數】4頁(110-113)
【關鍵詞】查爾斯;消費主義;西方世界;輿論形象;社會焦點;傳統道德;享樂主義;文化現象;戴安娜;王子;英國;馬拉松;平面化;價值觀;王室;大眾
【作者】紫苜蓿
【作者單位】北京
【正文語種】英文
【中圖分類】F713.5
【相關文獻】
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卡梅拉塔與早期歌劇(8)
巴赫《d小調托卡塔與賦格》賞析
教育技術2011級 xxx
第一次這么認真地去欣賞這么高雅的作品，說實話沒有聽太懂，所以賞析就是憑感覺和感受寫下了的。
首先通過了解曲子知道了《d小調托卡塔和賦格》是由托卡塔和賦格兩部分構成的。總體聽下來有種激昂的感覺，充滿著年輕人的銳氣和倔強的性格，讓人情緒高漲，各種激情。由于沒有音樂功底，所以第一次并分辨不出來這兩部分。
托卡塔技巧性比較強烈作為引子，賦格部分主要用旋律之間的相互呼應來構造樂曲，聽上去就好像你追我趕的感覺。最后音響越發的豐富，直達蒼穹，可以感受出音樂的奔放與豪邁。在激昂中結束整首曲子，有余音繞梁的效果，讓人充滿了無限的回味。。。
卡梅拉塔與早期歌劇(9)
PRIME MINISTER CAMERON: Thank you, and apologies for keeping you waiting. It"s a pleasure to welcome President Obama here today
We"ve just been having a barbecue in the gardens of Number 10 Downing Street with some of our service -- armed-service personnel from the United States and from the UK. And it was a great reminder of the incredible debt that we owe all of them and their families for their service, for their sacrifice, for all they do to keep us safe. It was a great event and it was wonderful to have Barack and Michelle there.
It was also probably the first time in history, as we stood behind that barbecue, that I can say a British Prime Minister has given an American President a bit of a grilling拷問. So I"m going to hold onto that.
Over the past year I"ve got to know the President well. And whether it"s in routine situations like sitting round the G8 table, or the slightly less routine of getting a phone call in the middle of the night, I"ve come to value not just his leadership and courage, but the fact that to all the big international issues of our time, he brings thoughtful consideration and reason.
And I know that today, Mr. President, you"ll be thinking of the dreadful tornado in Missouri and all those who"ve lost livelihoods生計 and lost their lives and loved ones. And our hearts in Britain go out to all those people, too.
Barack and I know well the shared history of our countries. From the beaches of Normandy諾曼底 to the Imjin River, our soldiers have fought together. From labs in Cambridge, Massachusetts馬薩諸塞州, to Cambridge, England, our scientists have decoded DNA and cured diseases together. And in millions of interactions every day, including our massive business relationship, our people forge friendships together.
That is what makes this relationship special. But what makes it essential is that it"s not just about history or sentiment; it is a living, working partnership. It is essential to our security and it"s essential for our prosperity.
And I feel every day just how important this partnership is. The President and I, together with my Deputy Prime Minister, have just had some excellent discussions. We"ve been talking today about the two things we care about most -- getting our people jobs and keeping our people safe. Because every night millions of British and American people take the same worries to bed with them. They"re asking if they can find a good job, if they"re going to get a paycheck next month, and if there will be work for their children when they grow up.
The stark 嚴酷的truth of the world today is that no country is owed a living. We"ve got to pay our way and we"ve got to earn our way. And that is what the President and I are determined to do. Barack and I did not come into politics to cut public spending, but neither did we seek office to see our great economies decline or to land our children with unsustainable debts. And that is why in the second half of this decade, we"re making sure that debt ratios will be falling on both sides of the Atlantic.
At the same time, we"re investing in our roads and railways, in science and innovation, and above all, in our young people. And down the line, the success of all this won"t be measured in export figures or trade flows; it will be in the feelings of the factory worker, whether they"re in Phoenix or the shopkeeper in Liverpool or the engineer in Ohio -- the people who know if they work hard, then prosperity will be there for them and the promise of a better life there for their children.
As well as the economy, the President and I had some very good discussions on security. Now, Americans and Brits, you don"t need to explain terrorism to one another. Both our people have suffered at its hands, and indeed they have died together.
My wife Samantha was in Manhattan 曼哈頓on 9/11, and I"ll never forget the five hours of trying to get hold of her. And she"ll never forget the New Yorkers that she met that day or the sense of solidarity團結 that she felt that day and that we have felt ever since that day. And today, as we come up to its tenth anniversary, we should remember the spirit of that city and the sympathy we feel with those who lost their loved ones.
Now, there are those who say that this terrorist threat is beyond our control, and we passionately believe that is wrong. We can defeat al Qaeda基地組織, and the events of recent months give us an opportunity to turn the tide on 扭轉趨勢their terror once and for all.
I believe there are three actions we must take. First, we must continue to destroy their terrorist network, and I congratulate the President on his operation against bin Laden. This was not just a victory for justice, but a strike right at the heart of international terrorism.
In this vital effort, we must continue to work with Pakistan. People are asking about our relationship, so we need to be clear. Pakistan has suffered more from terrorism than any country in the world. Their enemy is our enemy. So, far from walking away, we"ve got to work even more closely with them.
At the same time, this is a vital year in Afghanistan. British and American forces are fighting side by side并肩 in Helmand, right at the heart of this operation. We"ve broken the momentum of the insurgency叛亂, and even in the Taliban"s heartland, in Kandahar and central Helmand, they"re on the back foot處守勢. Now is the moment to step up 增加our efforts to reach a political settlement. The Taliban must make a decisive split from al Qaeda, give up violence, and join a political process that will bring lasting peace to that country. We are agreed to give this the highest priority in the months ahead.
Second, we must reach a conclusion to the Arab-Israel peace process. Again, I congratulated the President on his recent speech on the Middle East, which was bold, it was visionary, and it set out what is needed in the clearest possible terms -- an end to terror against Israelis以色列 and the restoration of dignity to the Palestinians; two states living side by side and in peace.
Yes, the road has been, and will be, long and arduous費力的, but the prize is clear. Conclude the peace process and you don"t just bring security to the region; you deny extremists one of their most profound and enduring recruiting sergeants軍官, weakening their calling and crippling削弱 their cause. That is why whatever the difficulties, we must continue to press for a solution.
Our third action must be to help elevate 提高the changes in North Africa and the Arab world from a moment in history to a turning point in history. We"ve seen some extraordinary things -- protesters braving bullets, bloggers toppling dictators獨裁者, people taking to the streets and making their own history. If global politics is about spreading peace and prosperity, then this is a once-in-a-generation moment to grab hold of.
It is not a time for us to shrink畏縮 back and think about our own issues and interests. This is our issue and this is massively in our interests. Those people in Tahrir Square and Tripoli just want what we have -- a job and a voice. And we all share in their success or failure. If they succeed, there is new hope for those living there and there is the hope of a better and safer world for all of us. But if they fail, if that hunger is denied, then some young people in that region will continue to listen to the poisonous narrative of extremism.
So the President and I are agreed we will stand with those who work for freedom. This is the message we"ll take to the G8 tomorrow when we push for a major program of economic and political support for those countries seeking reform. And this is why we mobilized the international community to protect the Libyan people from Colonel陸軍上校 Qaddafi"s regime政權, why we"ll continue to enforce U.N. resolutions with our allies, and why we restate our position once more: It is impossible to imagine a future for Libya with Qaddafi still in power. He must go.
In all of these actions, we must be clear about our ambitions. Barack and I came of age in the 1980s and "90s. We saw the end of the Cold War and the victory over communism. We saw the invasion of Kuwait科威特 by Saddam Hussein and the world coming together to liberate that country. Throughout it all, we saw Presidents and Prime Ministers standing together for freedom.
Today, we feel just as passionately about extending freedom as those who came before us; but we also know that idealism without realism does no good for anyone. We have learned the lessons of history. Democracy is built from the ground up. You"ve got to work with the grain of 符合某意向other cultures, and not against them. Real change takes time.
And it"s because of this we share the view that our partnership will not just continue, but it will get stronger. And this is a partnership that goes beyond foreign affairs. At home, we have similar goals -- to bring more responsibility to our societies, and to bring transparency透明 and accountability 責任to our governments. In all these ambitions, our countries will continue to learn from each other and work with each other.
And as ever, it has been a pleasure to talk to the President, and an honor to have him with us today.
Mr. President.
PRESIDENT OBAMA: Thank you, David. Thank you, Mr. Prime Minister. I am very pleased to be back in the United Kingdom. I note that you have arranged for typical London weather these past two days, and I am very grateful for that.
I want to thank Her Majesty the Queen, and the British people for the extraordinary welcome that has been extended to me and Michelle. It"s a shining example of the genuine誠懇的 warmth and affection感情 that our two nations feel towards one another.
Since David took office last spring, I believe we"ve now met or spoken at least two dozen times. We may be leaders from different political traditions, but on a whole host of在一大堆 issues we see eye to eye. We even took the same side in a epic match of doubles table tennis against some local students yesterday, and we won"t rehash 改變the results of that.
The relationship between our two countries is one that"s not just based on warm sentiment or common history, although those things exist. It"s built on shared ideals and shared values. As David said, it is a special relationship and an essential relationship. I believe that it is stronger than it has ever been, and I"m committed to 決心從事making sure that it stays that way.
The successful meetings we"ve had and the joint initiatives we"re announcing today represent the depths and breadth of our relationship. We discussed our efforts to strengthen the global recovery and create good jobs for our people. The investment relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom is the largest in the world, one that accounts for占比例 nearly 1 million jobs in each of our economies. We believe we can make that relationship even stronger with deeper cooperation in areas critical to our future prosperity, like higher education and science and innovation; areas critical to our national security like cyber crime; and areas vital to the stability of the world, including international development.
During our discussions today we reviewed our progress in Afghanistan, where our brave servicemen軍人 and women have fought side by side to break the Taliban"s momentum勢頭 and where we are preparing to turn a corner. We reaffirmed the importance of beginning the transition to Afghan lead for security this year and completing that transition by 2014.
We discussed the opportunity that exists for promoting reconciliation促進和解 and a political settlement, which must be an Afghan-led process. President Karzai has made it clear that he will talk to anyone who is willing to end the violence, split with al Qaeda, and accept the Afghan constitution憲法. And we welcome the positive cooperation between Afghanistan and Pakistan on that front.
At the same time, the Prime Minister and I both agree that our nations have a long-term interest in ensuring that Afghanistan never again becomes a launching pad 發射臺出發點for attacks against our people. So alongside our NATO allies and partners, we"re committed to a strong and enduring partnership with the people of Afghanistan.
As historic change unfolds across the Middle East and North Africa, we agree that the pursuit of self-determination must be driven by the peoples of the region and not imposed欺騙強加 from the outside. But we are both committed to doing everything that we can to support peoples who reach for democracy and leaders who implement democratic reform.
Tomorrow, we"ll discuss with our G8 partners how those of us in the wider international community can best support nations that make the reforms necessary to build a framework for democracy, freedom, and prosperity for their people.
At the same time, we will continue to strongly oppose the use of violence against protesters and any efforts to silence those who yearn for freedom and dignity and basic human rights. And that"s one of the reasons that we are working together in Libya, alongside with our NATO allies and partners, to protect the Libyan people. And we will continue those operations until Qaddafi"s卡扎菲 attacks on civilians cease. Time is working against Qaddafi and he must step down from power and leave Libya to the Libyan people.
We also discussed the situation in Syria敘利亞, where the Syrian people have shown great courage in their demands for a democratic transition. The United States welcomes the EU"s 歐盟decision to impose sanctions制裁 on President Assad, and we"re increasing pressure on him and his regime in order to end his policy of oppression鎮壓 and begin the change that people seek.
We discussed Yemen, where the Yemeni people call for greater opportunity and prosperity and a nation that is more unified and more secure, and we expressed our joint concern of the deteriorating situation on the ground there. We applauded the leadership of the Gulf Cooperation Council 海灣合作委員會in seeking an orderly and peaceful resolution to the crisis, and we call on President Saleh to move immediately on his commitment to transfer power.
And at a time when so many in the region are casting off the burdens of the past, we agree that the push for a lasting peace that ends the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and resolves all claims is more urgent than ever. I appreciate the Prime Minister"s support for the principles that I laid out last week on borders and security, which can provide a sound basis from which the two sides can negotiate.
As increasing tensions in the Abyei region threaten to derail使出軌 Sudan"s蘇丹 comprehensive peace agreement, we"re working closely together to encourage the parties to recommit 重提to a peaceful resolution決心 to the crisis, and calling on the rapid reinforcement增援 of the U.N."s peacekeeping presence in the region.
We also reviewed our close cooperation when it comes to countering terrorist threats, preventing the proliferation擴散 of weapons of mass destruction大規模殺傷性武器 and the means of their delivery to states like Iran, and our unrelenting不屈不饒的 efforts to keep our people safe.
And finally, we launched a joint initiative 發起聯合倡議to exchange the best ideas and practices when it comes to supporting our veterans and our military families.
Today, before we came here, Michelle and I joined David and Samantha for a outstanding barbecue at Number 10 for active-duty members of our militaries, along with their spouses配偶, who make extraordinary sacrifices as well. It was a wonderful event and a moving reminder of the long line of American and British service members who"ve made heavy and heroic sacrifices in the joint defense of our shared values that our people hold so dear.
So, Mr. Prime Minister, thank you not only for the barbecue but for the opportunity to spend this very productive time at Number 10 with you and your team. I enjoy my visits here, as always, and I have confidence that our special relationship will continue to grow even stronger in the months and years ahead. Thank you very much.
PRIME MINISTER CAMERON: Thank you, Barack. Thank you very much.
卡梅拉塔與早期歌劇(10)
PRIME MINISTER CAMERON: Thank you, and apologies for keeping you waiting. It"s a pleasure to welcome President Obama here today.
We"ve just been having a barbecue in the gardens of Number 10 Downing Street with some of our service -- armed-service personnel from the United States and from the UK. And it was a great reminder of the incredible debt that we owe all of them and their families for their service, for their sacrifice, for all they do to keep us safe. It was a great event and it was wonderful to have Barack and Michelle there.
It was also probably the first time in history, as we stood behind that barbecue, that I can say a British Prime Minister has given an American President a bit of a grilling. So I"m going to hold onto that.
Over the past year I"ve got to know the President well. And whether it"s in routine situations like sitting round the G8 table, or the slightly less routine of getting a phone call in the middle of the night, I"ve come to value not just his leadership and courage, but the fact that to all the big international issues of our time, he brings thoughtful consideration and reason.
And I know that today, Mr. President, you"ll be thinking of the dreadful tornado in Missouri and all those who"ve lost livelihoods and lost their lives and loved ones. And our hearts in Britain go out to all those people, too.
Barack and I know well the shared history of our countries. From the beaches of Normandy to the Imjin River, our soldiers have fought together. From labs in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Cambridge, England, our scientists have decoded DNA and cured diseases together. And in millions of interactions every day, including our massive business relationship, our people forge friendships together.
That is what makes this relationship special. But what makes it essential is that it"s not just about history or sentiment; it is a living, working partnership. It is essential to our security and it"s essential for our prosperity.
And I feel every day just how important this partnership is. The President and I, together with my Deputy Prime Minister, have just had some excellent discussions. We"ve been talking today about the two things we care about most -- getting our people jobs and keeping our people safe. Because every night millions of British and American people take the same worries to bed with them. They"re asking if they can find a good job, if they"re going to get a paycheck next month, and if there will be work for their children when they grow up.
The stark truth of the world today is that no country is owed a living. We"ve got to pay our way and we"ve got to earn our way. And that is what the President and I are determined to do. Barack and I did not come into politics to cut public spending, but neither did we seek office to see our great economies decline or to land our children with unsustainable debts. And that is why in the second half of this decade, we"re making sure that debt ratios will be falling on both sides of the Atlantic.
At the same time, we"re investing in our roads and railways, in science and innovation, and above all, in our young people. And down the line, the success of all this won"t be measured in export figures or trade flows; it will be in the feelings of the factory worker, whether they"re in Phoenix or the shopkeeper in Liverpool or the engineer in Ohio -- the people who know if they work hard, then prosperity will be there for them and the promise of a better life there for their children.
As well as the economy, the President and I had some very good discussions on security. Now, Americans and Brits, you don"t need to explain terrorism to one another. Both our people have suffered at its hands, and indeed they have died together.
My wife Samantha was in Manhattan on 9/11, and I"ll never forget the five hours of trying to get hold of her. And she"ll never forget the New Yorkers that she met that day or the sense of solidarity that she felt that day and that we have felt ever since that day. And today, as we come up to its tenth anniversary, we should remember the spirit of that city and the sympathy we feel with those who lost their loved ones.
Now, there are those who say that this terrorist threat is beyond our control, and we passionately believe that is wrong. We can defeat al Qaeda, and the events of recent months give us an opportunity to turn the tide on their terror once and for all.
I believe there are three actions we must take. First, we must?continue?to destroy their terrorist network, and I congratulate the President on his operation against bin Laden. This was not just a victory for justice, but a strike right at the heart of international terrorism.
In this vital effort, we must continue to work with Pakistan. People are asking about our relationship, so we need to be clear. Pakistan has suffered more from terrorism than any country in the world. Their enemy is our enemy. So, far from walking away, we"ve got to work even more closely with them.
At the same time, this is a vital year in Afghanistan. British and American forces are fighting side by side in Helmand, right at the heart of this operation. We"ve broken the momentum of the insurgency, and even in the Taliban"s heartland, in Kandahar and central Helmand, they"re on the back foot. Now is the moment to step up our efforts to reach a political settlement. The Taliban must make a decisive split from al Qaeda, give up violence, and join a political process that will bring lasting peace to that country. We are agreed to give this the highest priority in the months ahead.
Second, we must reach a conclusion to the Arab-Israel peace process. Again, I congratulated the President on his recent speech on the Middle East, which was bold, it was visionary, and it set out what is needed in the clearest possible terms -- an end to terror against Israelis and the restoration of dignity to the Palestinians; two states living side by side and in peace.
Yes, the road has been, and will be, long and arduous, but the prize is clear. Conclude the peace process and you don"t just bring security to the region; you deny extremists one of their most profound and enduring recruiting sergeants, weakening their calling and crippling their cause. That is why whatever the difficulties, we must continue to press for a solution.
Our third action must be to help elevate the changes in North Africa and the Arab world from a moment in history to a turning point in history. We"ve seen some extraordinary things -- protesters braving bullets, bloggers toppling dictators, people taking to the streets and making their own history. If global politics is about spreading peace and prosperity, then this is a once-in-a-generation moment to grab hold of.
It is not a time for us to shrink back and think about our own issues and interests. This is our issue and this is massively in our interests. Those people in Tahrir Square and Tripoli just want what we have -- a job and a voice. And we all share in their success or failure. If they succeed, there is new hope for those living there and there is the hope of a better and safer world for all of us. But if they fail, if that hunger is denied, then some young people in that region will continue to listen to the poisonous narrative of extremism.
So the President and I are agreed we will stand with those who work for freedom. This is the message we"ll take to the G8 tomorrow when we push for a major program of economic and political support for those countries seeking reform. And this is why we mobilized the international community to protect the Libyan people from Colonel Qaddafi"s regime, why we"ll continue to enforce U.N. resolutions with our allies, and why we restate our position once more: It is impossible to imagine a future for Libya with Qaddafi still in power. He must go.
In all of these actions, we must be clear about our ambitions. Barack and I came of age in the 1980s and "90s. We saw the end of the Cold War and the victory over communism. We saw the invasion of Kuwait by Saddam Hussein and the world coming together to liberate that country. Throughout it all, we saw Presidents and Prime Ministers standing together for freedom.
Today, we feel just as passionately about extending freedom as those who came before us; but we also know that idealism without realism does no good for anyone. We have learned the lessons of history. Democracy is built from the ground up. You"ve got to work with the grain of other cultures, and not against them. Real change takes time.
And it"s because of this we share the view that our partnership will not just continue, but it will get stronger. And this is a partnership that goes beyond foreign affairs. At home, we have similar goals -- to bring more responsibility to our societies, and to bring transparency and accountability to our governments. In all these ambitions, our countries will continue to learn from each other and work with each other.
And as ever, it has been a pleasure to talk to the President, and an honor to have him with us today.
Mr. President.
PRESIDENT OBAMA: Thank you, David. Thank you, Mr. Prime Minister. I am very pleased to be back in the United Kingdom. I note that you have arranged for typical London weather these past two days, and I am very grateful for that.
I want to thank Her Majesty the Queen, and the British people for the extraordinary welcome that has been extended to me and Michelle. It"s a shining example of the genuine warmth and affection that our two nations feel towards one another.
Since David took office last spring, I believe we"ve now met or spoken at least two dozen times. We may be leaders from different political traditions, but on a whole host of issues we see eye to eye. We even took the same side in a epic match of doubles table tennis against some local students yesterday, and we won"t rehash the results of that.
The relationship between our two countries is one that"s not just based on warm sentiment or common history, although those things exist. It"s built on shared ideals and shared values. As David said, it is a special relationship and an essential relationship. I believe that it is stronger than it has ever been, and I"m committed to making sure that it stays that way.
The successful meetings we"ve had and the joint initiatives we"re announcing today represent the depths and breadth of our relationship. We discussed our efforts to strengthen the global recovery and create good jobs for our people. The investment relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom is the largest in the world, one that accounts for nearly 1 million jobs in each of our economies. We believe we can make that relationship even stronger with deeper cooperation in areas critical to our future prosperity, like higher education and science and innovation; areas critical to our national security like cyber crime; and areas vital to the stability of the world, including international development.
During our discussions today we reviewed our progress in Afghanistan, where our brave servicemen and women have fought side by side to break the Taliban"s momentum and where we are preparing to turn a corner. We reaffirmed the importance of beginning the transition to Afghan lead for security this year and completing that transition by 2014.
We discussed the opportunity that exists for promoting reconciliation and a political settlement, which must be an Afghan-led process. President Karzai has made it clear that he will talk to anyone who is willing to end the violence, split with al Qaeda, and accept the Afghan constitution. And we welcome the positive cooperation between Afghanistan and Pakistan on that front.
At the same time, the Prime Minister and I both agree that our nations have a long-term interest in ensuring that Afghanistan never again becomes a launching pad for attacks against our people. So alongside our NATO allies and partners, we"re committed to a strong and enduring partnership with the people of Afghanistan.
As historic change unfolds across the Middle East and North Africa, we agree that the pursuit of self-determination must be driven by the peoples of the region and not imposed from the outside. But we are both committed to doing everything that we can to support peoples who reach for democracy and leaders who implement democratic reform.
Tomorrow, we"ll discuss with our G8 partners how those of us in the wider international community can best support nations that make the reforms necessary to build a framework for democracy, freedom, and prosperity for their people.
At the same time, we will continue to strongly oppose the use of violence against protesters and any efforts to silence those who yearn for freedom and dignity and basic human rights. And that"s one of the reasons that we are working together in Libya, alongside with our NATO allies and partners, to protect the Libyan people. And we will continue those operations until Qaddafi"s attacks on civilians cease. Time is working against Qaddafi and he must step down from power and leave Libya to the Libyan people.
We also discussed the situation in Syria, where the Syrian people have shown great courage in their demands for a democratic transition. The United States welcomes the EU"s decision to impose sanctions on President Assad, and we"re increasing pressure on him and his regime in order to end his policy of oppression and begin the change that people seek.
We discussed Yemen, where the Yemeni people call for greater opportunity and prosperity and a nation that is more unified and more secure, and we expressed our joint concern of the deteriorating situation on the ground there. We applauded the leadership of the Gulf Cooperation Council in seeking an orderly and peaceful resolution to the crisis, and we call on President Saleh to move immediately on his commitment to transfer power.
And at a time when so many in the region are casting off the burdens of the past, we agree that the push for a lasting peace that ends the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and resolves all claims is more urgent than ever. I appreciate the Prime Minister"s support for the principles that I laid out last week on borders and security, which can provide a sound basis from which the two sides can negotiate.
As increasing tensions in the Abyei region threaten to derail Sudan"s comprehensive peace agreement, we"re working closely together to encourage the parties to recommit to a peaceful resolution to the crisis, and calling on the rapid reinforcement of the U.N."s peacekeeping presence in the region.
We also reviewed our close cooperation when it comes to countering terrorist threats, preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the means of their delivery to states like Iran, and our unrelenting efforts to keep our people safe.
And finally, we launched a joint initiative to exchange the best ideas and practices when it comes to supporting our veterans and our military families.
Today, before we came here, Michelle and I joined David and Samantha for a outstanding barbecue at Number 10 for active-duty members of our militaries, along with their spouses, who make extraordinary sacrifices as well. It was a wonderful event and a moving reminder of the long line of American and British service members who"ve made heavy and heroic sacrifices in the joint defense of our shared values that our people hold so dear.
So, Mr. Prime Minister, thank you not only for the barbecue but for the opportunity to spend this very productive time at Number 10 with you and your team. I enjoy my visits here, as always, and I have confidence that our special relationship will continue to grow even stronger in the months and years ahead. Thank you very much.
PRIME MINISTER CAMERON: Thank you, Barack. Thank you very much.
卡梅拉塔與早期歌劇(11)
拉茲·卡普爾與印度電影
張禎蘭
【期刊名稱】《電影評介》
【年(卷),期】2010(000)024
【摘要】印度電影在英國殖民統治時期就存在兩種發展趨勢,一種是供人消遣的商業性質的娛樂影片,另一種是反映社會現實生活的藝術影片.如何在藝術和票房這一對自電影誕生以來就始終共生的矛盾之間,找到一種妥協或者一種溝通,如何在追求藝術質量的同時又兼顧觀眾的觀賞習慣,這對于推進印度電影的發展具有十分重要的意義.在印度取得獨立后出現的那一代電影藝術家中,拉茲·卡普爾被認為是在這方面取得成功的一個范例.
【總頁數】4頁(24-27)
【關鍵詞】拉茲·卡普爾;電影;導演;創作;印度
【作者】張禎蘭
【作者單位】重慶大學美視電影學院
【正文語種】中文
【中圖分類】
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