英語名言警句帶翻譯7篇

英語名言警句帶翻譯7篇

英語名言警句帶翻譯(1)

七年級下英語知識點總結

Unit 5 Topic1

㈠短語總結

1. 在學校大門口 at the school gate

2. 來學校 come to school

3. 去學校 go to school

4. 上課 have class / have classes

5. 步行 on foot

6. 騎自行車 ride a bike/ ride bikes/ by bike / on a bike

7. 坐公交 by bus / take a bus

8. 坐地鐵 by subway / take the subway / on the subway

9. 坐飛機 by plane/ take the plane / on the plane

10. 坐小汽車 by car / in a car/ take a car/ drive a car

11. 坐輪船 by ship

12. 坐小船 by boat

13. 坐火車 by train / on the train

14. 在我們組 in our group

15. 一群學生 a group of students

16. 我們中的三個人 three of us

17. 在平日 on weekdays

18. 在周末 on the weekends / at weekends

19. 起床 get up

20. 睡覺 go to bed

21. 早起 get up early

22. 回家 go home

23. 到家 get home

24. 去動物園 go to the zoo

25. 去公園 go to the park

26. 看電影 see a movie / film

27. 看電視 watch TV

28. 在晚上 in the evening / at night

29. 幫助父母 help parents

30. 做某人的家庭作業 do one’s ( my/ her/ his/ your/ their)homework

31. 在學校 at school

32. 知道,了解 know about / learn about

33. 校園生活 school life

34. 一個美國學生 an American student

35. 在美國 in America / in the U.S.A.

36. 許多學生 many students/ a lot of students/ lots of students

37. 很少 very few

38. 吃午飯 have lunch

39. 出去吃飯 eat out

40. 在校期間 on school days

41. 休息一會 have a short rest/ break

42. 午飯后 after lunch

43. 在某人的業余時間in one’s ( my/ his/ her/ their…)free/ spare time

44. 打籃球 play basketball

45. 踢足球play soccer / football

46. 彈鋼琴 play the piano

47. 彈吉他play the guitar

48. 拉二胡 play erhu

49. 去游泳 go swimming / go for a swim

50. 去劃船 go boating

51. 球賽 a ball game / ball games

52. 一年四次 four times a year

53. 聽音樂 listen to music

54. 讀書 read books

55. 看報 read newspapers

56. 看醫生 see a doctor

57. 去圖書館 go to the library

58. 一周兩次 twice a week

59. 見朋友 meet friends

60. 每天 every day

61. 在七點半 at half past seven

62. 一小會 for a little while / for a short time

63. 晚飯后 after supper

64. 吃飯 have dinner

65. 吃早飯 have breakfast

㈡重要句型

1. I usually come to school by subway.

同義句: I usually take the subway to school.

對劃線部分提問: How do you usually come to school?

類似的有：

go to school by bike=go to school

on a bike= ride a bike to school=ride to school

go home by bus=go home on a bus=take a bus home

2. How do you usually/ often…?你通常/經常怎樣…?

3. It’s time for class.=It’s time to have class. =It’s time for having class.

4. What about you? =How about you?

5. How often …? 詢問頻率 ，回答可以用頻率副詞：always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, every day ,every +其他時間名詞或表示頻率的短語回答

表示頻率的短語：次數+單位時間

e.g. : once a day / twice a week / three times a month

6. The early bird catches the work. (諺語) 笨鳥先飛

7. Work / Study must come first. 工作/ 學習必須放在第一位！

8. Classes begin at eight. =Class begins at eight.

提問： What time does the class begin? / What time do the classes begin?

㈢重要單詞的用法

1. look (感官動詞) 看起來，后面加形容詞

His mother looks very young.

They look very cute.

Her dress looks very nice.

You look very cool in this coat.

2. by 介詞

by 后面直接加表示交通工具的名詞，中間不用任何詞修飾，如：by bike

by +動詞ing形式，表示通過某種方式

People show love to their mothers by giving cards.

You can be a good student by working hard.

3. over (形容詞)

School / Class is over.

4. begin

現在分詞: beginning 過去式: began

begin to do sth , begin doing sth

He begins to write a letter. =He begins writing a letter.

如果begin本身為分詞，只能用begin to do sth

He is beginning to run.

5. listen to 聽（動作） ， hear 聽見(結果)

6. always 反義詞 never

7. 本話題涉及的時態為一般現在時，句中常有頻率副詞或表示頻率的短語，如果主語為三單，動詞一定要用三單！

（四）易錯題

1. You new watch ______ (look) very nice!

2. Here ______(be) some news.

3. Oh, come on! It’s time_____ going to school.

4. They usually go to school on ________(feet).

5. In my class, forty of _______(we) go to school by bike.

6. The early bird ______ (catch) the worm.

7. Kangkang often _____ (ride) a bike to the park.

8. What time _____ (be)school over?

9. Work must come ______(once).

10. It’s time ____you to get up.

11. We often _____ books in the morning.

12. Jill’s friend like ______(study) in our school.

13. Mr. Wang teaches ______(we) English. _____ of us like him.

14. How about ______(go) out with me?

15. Most students go to school _____ the school bus.

16. _______ do you go shopping with your mother?

A. How soon B. How far C. How often D. How much

17. What time do you usually get up _____ weekdays?

18. He ______ busy, so he has no time to play with us.

A. is always B. seldom is C. always is D. often is

19. The last class______(finish) at twelve o’clock.

20. Let’s go______(boat).

21. It’s time to have breakfast. (同義句)

______________________________________________________.

22. Michael often rides a bike to school. (同義句)

______________________________________________________.

23. I always go to work on foot. (對劃線部分提問)

______________________________________________________.

24. My mother goes shopping twice a week. (對劃線部分提問)

______________________________________________________.

25. Mary always reads books in the library. (反義句)

______________________________________________________.

26. He usually does his homework at school. (否定句)

______________________________________________________.

27. They often go to school by bus in the morning. (對劃線部分提問)

______________________________________________________.

28. Jane seldom watches TV on weekdays. (改為一般疑問句)

______________________________________________________.

29. He usually has lunch at home. (對劃線部分提問)

______________________________________________________.

30. Li Ping often goes to work on foot. (同義句)

______________________________________________________.

31. 幾乎沒有學生乘地鐵去學校。

______________________________________________________.

32． 我通常放學后做運動。

______________________________________________________.

33． 你經常在圖書館看書嗎？

______________________________________________________.

34． 她母親每天購物一次。

______________________________________________________.

35． 他們在業余時間做什么？

______________________________________________________.

36. 他們一年舉行四次球賽。

______________________________________________________.

37. 瑪利亞怎樣回家？

______________________________________________________.

38. 她有時坐地鐵回家。

______________________________________________________.

39. 他通常放學后打籃球，但是不踢足球。

______________________________________________________.

40. 你常常騎自行車來學學校嗎？

______________________________________________________.

Unit5 Topic2

(一) 重要單詞：

1. borrow:指主語借入 borrow sth. from sb.

e.g You can borrow this book from the library.

May I borrow your eraser?

lend: 指主語借出 lend sth. to sb. / lend sb. sth.

e.g Can you lend your car to me?

They often lend us their ball.

2. keep

keep 和 borrow, lend 的意思一樣,都是表示借的意思, 區別是borrow和lend是瞬間動詞,而keep是延續性動詞,表示借一段時間, 后常跟上一段時間

e.g You may keep this book for two weeks.

借進borrow 借出 lend 借多久 keep

3. find和look for

find :找到,發現,強調結果 look for尋找,強調過程

e.g I’m looking for my shoese verywhere, but I can not find it.

4. return

return :歸還=give back return sth to sb=give sth back to sb

e.g Please return this book to Steve=please give back this book to Steve.

e.g He will return from America next month.

5. on time: 準時,強調不早不遲到達

in time: 及時,強調在規定的時間以前到達

e.g We must go to work on time. The students can get there in time.

6. Japanese: adj 日本的,日本人的,日語的 n.日本人,日語

當Japanese表示日本人時,是可數名詞,單復數同形(與Chinese用法相同)

e.g Two Japanese and three Chinese are swimming in the swimming pool.

7. also 與too

兩個都表是“也”的意思, also用在句中, too用在句末

e.g Helen is also a student.

I have long hair and she has long hair, too.

8 plan n.平面圖

v.計劃 plan to do sth

(二)短語總結：

1. on time 準時

2. in time 及時

3 .in the center of: 在…..中央

4 .next to 在什么隔壁,在什么旁邊

5. at the back of ; 在….后面(外部后面)

6. in front of….在…..前面(外部后面)

7. behind 在…..后面(內部后面)

8. in the front of 在….前面(內部后面)

9 .on the left 在左邊

10. on the right 在右邊

11. Show sb around 領某人參觀

12. between …and… 在….與….之間

13. from ….to…從…..到…..

14. On the shelf 在架子上 shelf復數形式是shelves

15. do better in sth/doing sth 在……方面做的更好

do well in sth/doing sth 在…..做得好

be good at sth/doing sth 在…..方面擅長

16. at the moment 現在,此刻

17. play computer games 玩電腦游戲

18. a few 幾個

19. the Great Wall 長城

(三)重要句型總結

1. What’s in+sth 表示哪里有什么東西

e.g What’s in your purse? 錢包里有什么東西?

What else 還有別的什么么? else: 別的,其它的

What else do you have?

Who else還有別的什么人么? Where else 還有別的什么地方么?

else除了可以放在疑問詞what,who, where等后面，還可以放在something, anything, nothing, somebody, anybody, nobody后面

e.g I don’t have anything else to do. I can’t see anybody else in the room.

2. Here are some photos of his.

e.g a friend of Sam’s 薩姆的一個朋友 a friend of mine 我的一個朋友

3. love doing sth習慣性的愛好和習慣

love to do sth一次性的動作或目前想做的事

e.g She loves reading in bed. I love to go swimming today.

（四）語法：現在進行時

(1) . 現在進行時表示正在發生或進行的動作,可與now, at the moment等時間狀語連用

e.g I’m reading a book now.

(2). 現在進行時表示當前一段時間內一直進行的動作

e.g They’re working on a farm this week.

(3). 某些行為動詞的現在進行時形式可以表示將來,常常有意圖,安排或打算的含義,并且可與表將來的時間狀語連用,到目前我們所學的這類動詞有come,go,fly,return

e.g They are flying to London this afternoon.

We are going to Hong Kong tomorrow.

Steve is coming tomorrow evening.

(4)現在進行時的構成:

現在進行時主要由be+doing構成

肯定句:主語+be+doing+sth

否定句:主語+be+not+doing+sth

一般疑問句:Be+主語+doing+sth

回答:Yes,主(代)+be /No,主(代)+be+not

特殊疑問句: What+be+主語+doing?

(5). 現在分詞的構成：

(五)典型習題:

(1)—Excuse me, how long may I______ the book?

---For two weeks.

A. borrow B.keep C.lend D.buy

(2)---Hi, Xiao Qi, I would like to go to the zoo this Sunday.

I like watching animals best.

----I _____like watching animals best.

A .too B.either C.also D.and

(3)----Could you come please? I want some help.

----_______

A. Yes, I could. B.You’re welcome.

C. Sure, I’m coming now. D.That’s all right.

(4)---Bob, may I_____your MP4?

---Sure,but you’d better not______it to others.

A.lend, lend B.lend,borrow C.borrow,borrow D.borrow,lend

(5)She’s_____her purse, but she can’t______it. Let’s help her.

A.find; look for B.looking for; find C. look for; find D.finding; look for

(6)----What is your mother doing?

----My mother is______Miss Li.

A. talk with B.talking with C.talk to

(7)---Can I_____a soccer_____the gym?

---Of course, you can.

A.borrow;to B.lend; from C.borrow;from D.borrowing;from

(8)---How long______your story book?

---Three days.

A.I can keep B.can I borrow C.I can borrow D.can I keep

句型轉換:

(1)----Are the children swimming in the swimming pool?(做否定回答)

----______,______ ________

(2) They are watching TV.(改為一般疑問句)

_______ _______watching TV?

(3) I’m playing computer games.(對劃線部分提問)

______are you_______?

(4) The boys often play soccer on the playground.(改為現在進行時)

The boys______ _______soccer on the playground.

(5) He can keep the MP4 for three days.(對劃線部分提問)

______ _______can he keep the MP4?

根據句意和漢語提示完成下列句子

　(1)---Where is Chen Kang?

----He is playing basketball_____ ______ ________(在操場上)

(2)---Hello! Li Ming. What are you doing?

----I am_____ ______ ______(做作業)

(3)---Look, what are they doing?

---They are_____ _____(尋找)Jim’s bag.

(4)---What class are they having?

---They are____ _____ ________(玩電腦游戲)now.

(5)---Where is Mr.Wang_____ _______ ________(此刻)?

(6)---Do you like______ _______ ________(長城)

(7)I often do my homework______7:00______

(從…..到……)8:30 in the evening.

(8)I have ____ _____(幾個)good friends.

Unit 5 Topic 3

（一）重點單詞

Today, Wednesday, Monday, Tuesday, geogrophy, Thursday, Friday, art, history, math, science, meeting, activity, lesson, draw, learn, interesting, difficult, boring ,which, subject, best, other, friendly, February, newspaper, hard, wish, story.

（二）重點短語

1.Have a music class.上音樂課

2.at ten o’clock 在十點鐘

3.be over (=finish) 結束

4.on+星期名詞 在星期幾

5.outdoor activities 戶外活動

6.work on 致力于，專心于

7. learn about the past 了解歷史

8.it’s time for … 該干…了

9.be friendly to 對…友好

10. play with sb 和某人玩耍

Play with sth玩弄某物

11.swim in the swimming pool 在游泳池游泳

12.draw pictures 畫畫

14. every Tuesday and Thursday 每周二和周四

15.tell sb sth=tell sth to sb 把某事告訴某人

16. school?newspaper 校報

17.and so on 等等

18. learn sth from 從…學到…

19. hard work 辛勤工作

20. thank sb for sth/ thank sb. for doing sth

因某事而感謝某人

21. run on the playground 在操場跑步

22. watch animals看動物

23. play soccer at school 在學校踢足球

24. read a book at home 在家看書

25.have dinner in the school dinning hall

在學校餐廳吃飯

（三）重點句型

1. What day is it today?

It’s Wednesday.

What day …?常用來表示對星期幾的提問。

注意：What’s the date…? 是對日期的提問。

2. What class are they having?

---They are having a music class.

What class 用來詢問“什么課程”, class與lesson同義。

3. What time does the class begin? 什么時間開始上課？

--At ten o’clock.

begin“開始”同義詞是start 反義詞是finish或end.

4. How many lessons does he have every weekday?

他每天上幾節課？

5. You must like English very much.

你一定非常喜歡英語。

must在這里表示肯定推測。

6. --What do you think of it?

--Sometimes it’s difficult and boring, so I don’t like it very much.

What do you think of…? 相當于How do you like …?

意思是“你認為怎么樣？”詢問對方對某事或者某人的看法。

7. What’s your favorite subject?你最喜歡的科目是什么？

What one’s favorite…? = What does sb. like best?

某人最喜歡什么？

8. --Why do you like it? 你為什么喜歡它？

--Because it’s easy and interesting.因為它簡單而有趣。

回答Why…?用Because…

如果表示你為什么不用 Why not…? 或Why don’t you…?

9. My teachers are very friendly to me.

be friendly to sb.意思是“對某人很友好”

注意： friendly是形容詞 “友好的”“友善的”，而不是副詞。

10. It’s time for class. Let’s go.哦，上課的時間到了，我們走吧！

It’s time for sth= it’s time to do sth. 該做某事了

請參考課本P107頁的介紹，掌握英文書信的格式。

(四) 練習題

根據漢語完成句子

1. Listen! They _______ _______ (唱歌)in the classroom.

2. _________ ________ （星期幾）is it today?

3. What time _________ the class _________ （開始）?

What time _________ the class ________（結束） .

4. He ____ ______ ______（上） English class now.

5. She ______ _______（畫畫） at home at the moment.

6. Look! Peter ________ ______（解答）a math problem。

7. We must _______ ________（學習了解） the past.

8. He ______ ________ _________（做戶外活動） after school every day.

9. It’s time _______ _______ / _______ _______ ______ _____（上學）

10. Which subject ______ ________ ______ ________ ？

=What ______ ________ ______ __________(你最喜歡)

11. _______ _________ you ________ _________ it？

＝　_______　_________you ________it ? （你對。。。看法如何）

12. My teachers ____ ________ ________ me.（對。。。友好）

13. My ______ _______ is very interesting.（校園生活）

14. ________ ________at 8：00 am。（上課）

15. I study art，music and _______ ________ _________（其他一些學科）

16. I often _____ _______ _________ my ________（和同學們說英語）

17. I can _______ a lot ________ it。（從。。。學到）

18. We must _______ _________ Lei Fen.（向。。。學習）

19. Thank you ________ _______ ______ _______ . （辛勤勞動）

20. I like ______ _______ _______ my friends.（和。。打籃球）

21. He ______（認為）math is _______ and _________ （枯燥難學）and

English is _________ and ________（容易有趣）

對劃線部分提問

1．It’s Wednesday.

_______ ________ is it today?

2. The class begins at 10:00.

_______ ______ ______ the class _______?

3. It is over at 10:45.

______ ______ _____ it over?

4. They are having a music class?

______ ______ _____ they ______ ?

5. He has six English lessons every week.

_______ ________ English lessons ________ he ________ every week?

6. He has Chinese, English and math lessons on Monday.

________ _________he ________ on Monday?

7. I like history because it’s easy.

________ ________ you ________ history?

8. He thinks PE is very interesting.

________ ________ he ________ ________ PE?

（________ ________ he ________ PE?）

9. I like PE best.

_______ _______ do you like _______?

詞形轉換

1.They are all _________(friend) to me.

2. I like English _______ (well)

3. Best _______ (wish) to you for Mother’s Day.

4.My mother often tells me many interesting ________ (story).

5. The Great Wall is ________ (wonder).

6. They do a lot of outdoor _______(activity) after school.

7. They are many books on those ________ (shelf).

8. He is _______ (run) on the playground.

9. It’s 9:00. They are _______ (have) a class.

10. May often ________ it. (watch)

11. They usually ________(ride) bikes to school.

12. Sunday is the ________ (one) day of a week.

13. Jim usually _______(do) sports after school. Look! He ____________(swim) in the pool.

14. Maria likes ___________(read) in the library. She ____________books in the library every Saturday.

15. It’s time ____________ (have) lunch. The students ____________ (have) lunch in the dinning room at the moment.

16. Listen!They___________(sing) in the classroom.

They ____________(sing)songs in the music lessons once a week.

17. It’s 10 pm. Jane would like ____________(sleep).

Look, she ____________(sleep) in the bed now.

18. Kate ____________(think) maths ___________(be) different from Chinese.

19. Li Ming usually ____________(ride) a bike to school. But today it’s late. So he ___________(take) a car to school now.

20. My brother _________(like) __________(play) computer games very much.

Now, he __________(have) a computer class.

Unit 6 Topic 1

（一）重點短語：

1. the second floor 在第二層

（ The building has four floors. I am on the first floor.）

2. go upstairs（ adv.）上樓； go downstairs 下樓

3. a moment later 過了一會兒

4. play with sb 和某人一起玩 play with sth. 玩弄某物

5. in front of 和in the front of 區別：加the的詞組表示物體內部的前面

6. on the wall 在墻上 in the wall

7. on the tree （蘋果） in the tree （鳥）

8. a model plane 模型飛機

9. play on the computer 玩電腦 （比較play computer games 玩電腦游戲）

（二）重點句型：

1. There be 句型 （翻譯出來是“在某地有某物”，表示一種客觀存在，

而have表主觀擁有，其主語是人。結構 There be + 主語+介詞短語，

注意就近原則）

肯定句：There is a computer in your study.

否定句： There isn’t a computer in your study.

一般疑問句： Is there a computer in your study?

Yes, there is./ No, there isn’t.

特殊疑問句：What’s in your study?

★問數量：How many computers in your study?

【注】There is some milk on the table. （此處雖然是some milk,

但是由于是不可數名詞，be動詞還是用is）

變為否定句：There isn’t milk on the table.

★就近原則： There is a lamp , a computer, some books and so on.

有一盞燈、一臺電腦和一些書等等。

2. Welcome my new home.【 home作n.】

(對比Welcome home 【 home 作adv.】 )

3. There are so many books on the shelf. 書架上有這么多好看的書啊。

4. Why not go upstairs and have a look? = Why don’t you…….？

為什么不上樓看一看呢？

5.My dog is playing with my computer. 我的狗在玩我的電腦呢。

6.Don’t put them here. Put them away.別把它們放在這兒，請收起來放好。

7. You must look after your.你必須保管好你的東西。

8.How many pairs of shoes under the bed? 在床下有多少雙鞋子？

9. There are many beautiful flowers in the garden, but there aren’t any trees in it.

花園里有許多漂亮的花，但是卻沒有樹。

10. I love playing on the computer in the study. 我喜歡在書房玩電腦。

（love doing sth.=like doing sth. 喜歡做某事）

（三）重點[介詞]用法

年、月、午（別），季（節）in加上， 某日午別當用on；

鐘點時（刻）、日（期）用at, 一周七天均用on.

（四）重點易錯題：

一）根據句意，用適當的介詞填空。

1. Look, there are many apples __________ the tree.

2. The football is _________ the door, so you can’t see it.

3. My sister’s bedroom is __________ the first floor.

4. Would you like to go upstairs _________ me?

5. Here is your coat. You must look after it carefully.

6. It’s a quarter _____________________ five. Let’s go home.

二）單選

1. —There _________ good news for you. I find your lost purse.

—Really? Thank you very much.

A. have B. are C. is D. be

2．Look at the picture of my bedroom. There ________ a ball and some shoes under the bed.

A. are B. is C. have D. be

3. —_______ there a pair of pants on the bed?

— No, but there is a coat.

A. Do B. Does C. Is D. Are

4. The house is behind the tree, so the tree is _________ the house.

A. in the front of B. in front of C. behind D. back

5. There will ______ a class meeting ________ the morning of May 4th .

A. have, at B. have on C. be, at D. be, on

6. — What ________ on the desk?

— There are some flowers.

A. be B. am C. are D. is

7. I’m glad _________ a letter from you.

A. get B. getting C. to get D. gets

8. —Are there __________flowers in your room?

—No, there aren’t.

A. a B. some C. the D. any

9. Jane is looking __________ her little sister, because her mother isn’t at home.

A. at B. after C. for D. up

三)句子

1. There are many apples on the table.(改為一般疑問句)

_______________ ____________ ______________ apples on the table?

1. My bedroom is next to my study. (對劃線部分進行提問)

___________ _________ __________ bedroom ?

2. Jack is playing basketball. (對劃線部分進行提問)

_________ Jack _________ ?

3. Why not go to the study? (同意句轉換)

__________ _________ ____________ go to the study?

4. There are seven days in a week. （對劃線部分提問）

_________________________________________________?

5. —Whose bike is this?

— It’s not __________ (my). It’s ______________ (Jack).

6. There are five rooms on the ______________ (two) floor.

7. My cousin is playing games on the playground. (對劃線部分提問)

_________ is your cousin __________ on the playground?

Unit 6Topic 2

（一）重點短語

1. 在農村 in the country 在郊區 in the suburb

2.一套三居室的房子 house three bedrooms

3. call sb. at +電話號碼 ,撥打….與某人聯系

4. a quiet double room under 300yuan per month 一間安靜的雙人間，月租低于300元

5.house with furniture a family of three 適合三口之家，家具齊全的房子

6. rent sth. to sb. 把某物租給某人 rent sth. from sb. 從某人那租某物

7. on the street corner 在街角

8. keep money 存錢

9. 寄信 mail (post) letter

10. see a doctor 看醫生

11. month 的復數 months

12 at the end of 在…..的盡頭

13 community center in our area 在我們這帶的服務中心

14. 靠近 be close (adj.) to / close (adv.) to / near / next to (緊靠)

【反義詞是 far from】

15. right now 馬上，立刻= at once

16. Children’s Day 兒童節 ； Teachers’ Day 教師節 ；Women’s Day 婦女節

（二）重點句型：

1.--What’s your home like? 你的家是什么樣的？

--It’s apartment building. 它是一棟公寓樓。

2. They live in a big farmhouse in the country. 他們住在農村的農舍里。

3. What’s the matter with….?= What’s up with……?= What’s wrong with…..?

……有什么事？

4. I hear you playing the piano我聽到你正在彈鋼琴

（hear sb. do sth. 表示聽到某人做過了某事，類似的有see,watch,find）

5. --I ‘m afraid it’s too loud. --恐怕聲音有點大。

--I’ m sorry about that. --我真的對此很抱歉。

6. There are no houses on the right. = There aren’t any houses….

（no后可以加可數和不可數名詞= not any后加不可數名詞或者可數名詞復數 / not a 后加可數名詞單數）

7. There are a lot of tall buildings and small gardens in our community.

在我們的社區里有許多高樓和小花園。

8. There are many shops and restaurants close to my home.

= My home close to my shops.我家附近有許多商店和飯店。

9. The parking lot and the train station are not far from here.

停車場和火車站離這不遠。（near/close to 反義詞far from）

10. We can call it help. (call sb for sth/ doing sth.)

我們可以打電話向它求救。

11. Are there many people living near your home? 有許多人住在你家附近嗎？

（there be +sb.+doing sth表示某地有某人在做什么）

12. I can’t hear you, the line is bad. 我聽不清，線路不好。

13. My kitchen fan doesn"t work.

= There is something wrong with my kitchen fan.

= Something is wrong with my kitchen fan. 我家廚房的排氣扇壞了。

14. I’ll get someone to check it right now.我會馬上派人去檢查一下它的。

(get sb to do sth. 派某人去做某事 = ask sb to do sth.）

15. Many people are moving from cities to the suburbs.

許多人正從城市搬遷到郊區。

（move to …., move from ….to ….從…..搬到、移動到…..）

16. The traffic is heavy and the cost of living is high. 交通擁擠，生活開銷高。

（cost 在這做名詞，，句型 sth. cost sb some money ）

e.g. The rose me 10 yuan.

17. There are many houses with big yards in the suburbs.

郊區有許多帶著大院子的房子。

18. What kind of home do you live in? 你住在什么樣的房子里？

(三)易錯題：

1. 這個襯衫花了我50元。

______________________________.

2. There are two _________(鋼琴) and three guitars in the room.

3. --The classroom is so dirty.

-- Oh, I’ll get someone ______ it soon.

A. cleans B. clean C cleaning D . to clean

4. --- Where do you live, Mary?

--- I live ___________ Zhongshan Road.

A at the end of B. on the end C in the end D. by the end of

5. 很多家庭喜歡從城市搬到郊區。

Many families like __________________ the city ______ the suburbs.

6. 杰克聽到他媽媽正在廚房唱歌。

Jack _______ his mother ________________________________.

7. 請保持安靜。______________________________.

8. 連詞成句: in , a, single, I , need, room, to , live, quiet

_______________________________________________

9. 我看到他正在操場上玩球。

_________________________________________________________

10. 那個女孩想寄些東西給她的朋友。

__________________________________________________________

11. There is one picture in my bedroom.（就劃線部分提問）

________________________________________________________-

12. If you want to have a picnic. You can ____ a car _____ the company.

A. rent; to B. rent ; for C. rent ; from D. rent; of

13. Michael likes music very much. I often hear him________ the piano at home.

A. plays B playing C. play D to play

14. My home is ___________ my school/

A. close to B. closed from C. closed to

15. --Which city do you _________? -- I live in New York.

A live in B. live C. to live

16. My watch doesn’t work.(寫出兩個同義句)

_________________________________________________________

17. There ____ a pen and two pencils in the pencil-box.

A are B be C is

18. I’d like a cup of coffee _______ some sugar and milk/

A. in B. of C. with D. to

19. Look!There are some children ________ in the scool yard.

A. play B. are playing C. to play D. play

20. --What’s your father like?

--_________________.

A. He likes apples. B. He is kind.

C. He lives in a tall buliding D. He likes living in the city.

Uint 6Topic 3

（一）重點短語

1. turn left the first street 在第二個街口向左轉

= take the second street(turning) on the left

2. go across (prep.) the bridge = cross (v.)the bridge 過橋

3. across from 在….的對面

4. on the road 在路上 on/ in the street 在街上

5. on the corner of the street 在街角

（比較in the corner of 和at the corner of）

6. between….and ….在…和….之間

7. walk on 繼續走

8 public phone 公用電話

9. at the traffic lights 在紅綠燈處

10. No right turn 禁止右轉 No parking 禁止停車 Go straight 直走

11. be in danger 處于危險之中

12. get hurt 受傷（get 系動詞，hurt 是形容詞）

13. lose one’s life 失去了某人的生命

14. obey the traffic rules 遵守交通規則

15. a ticket for speeding/ drinking and driving/parking in the wrong place

/ making a wrong turn 超速/酒后駕車/亂停車/轉錯彎罰單

16. make a wrong turn 轉錯彎

17. keep quiet in class. 上課時要安靜。

（二）重點句型

1.--Excuse me, is there a bank near here?

-- Go up （Go along）this street to the end ,and you will find it on your left.

--打擾了，請問附近有銀行嗎？

--沿著這條街一直走到盡頭，你就會發下銀行在你左邊。

2. How can I get to the bookstore? = Could you tell me the way to the bookstore?

= Could you tell me how to get to the bookstore?

= Where is the way to the bookstore? 問路的句型

3. It"s about five hundred meters along （adv.） on the right.

順著右邊走大約500米就到了。

4. Go along this road you get to Beisihuan Road.

沿著這條路一直走，直到你到達北四環路。（特指某個道路前面不加the，

大寫這條路的名字）

5. You can’t it. 你不會錯過它的。（miss 除了表示錯過，還可以表示“想念”e.g. She her mother. ）

6. You need to take bus No. 718, then you should change to the No. 108 bus Anzhen Bridge.

你需要乘坐718路車，然后你應該在安貞橋換乘108路車。

【注意：】（1）need to do sth, 需要去做某事 ; need sth / sb 需要某物，某人（2）should 在這是情態動詞，后加動原。

（3）change to 轉乘。 change from A to B 從A變成B

（change 作名詞還可以表示“零錢”，不可數）

（4）幾路車有兩種表示方法： bus NO.718 或者the NO.718 bus

7. --How far is it from here? (問距離) --It’s about ten away from here.

離這有多遠？離這有十千米遠。

8. How can we make the roads safe? 我們怎樣才能使道路安全？（make sth/ sb. +adj.）

9．Before（prep.） we cross the road, we must stop and look both ways.

在我們過馬路之前，我們必須停下來向路的兩邊看。

10. We must never play on the street. 我們絕對不能在街上玩耍。

= We must not play the street.

11. It’s good to help children and old people to cross the road.

幫助小孩和老人過馬路是一種助人為樂的行為。（It’s good to do sth.）

12.Wait for your turn when the lights are red.

在紅燈亮之前請等待。

（三）易錯題

1. Before you______ the road, you must stop and have a look.

A. cross B. go cross C. across D. crossing

2. --________ is the train station from the post office?

-- About twenty-minute bike ride.

A. How much B. How long C. How often D. How far

3. The theater is _____ the corner of the restaurant.

A. on B. in C. for D. from

4. It’s good ______________ old people and blind people.

A. help B. helping C. to help D. for helping

5. --How far is it from here?

--It’s about 2 kilometers _________ here.

A. far B. away from C. near from D. away

6. The baby ________ a doctor because he is ill.

A. need B. need to C. is need D. needs

7. --Where is your school?

--Our school is _________ a hospital.

A. across B. away C. across from D. between

8.Go down the street and turn ___ left. The restaurant is ____ the right.

A. to; at B. to; to C./; on D. on; to

9. Excuse me, can you tell me ____________ the post office?

A. the way B. the way for C. the way to D. the way near

10. --How can I get to the supermarket?

--First you should take the NO.2 bus to Beifeng Bridge, and then you need

______the NO.8 bus.

A. to change B. change to C. to change to D. to change for

11. --Excuse me, how can I get to the book store?

--Go across the bridge. It’s about 200 meters ________ on the left.

A. about B. far C. along D. near

12. Thank you anyway. ( 同義句轉換 )

Thank you _______ _______ ________.

13. Take the first turning on the left. ( 同義句轉換 )

________ _______ at the

first turning.

14. My office is on the second floor. ( 對劃線部分提問)

______ _______ ______ office?

15.The bank is at the end of this road. You will find it. ( 同義句轉換 )

The bank is at the end of this road. You _______ _________ it.

Unit7 Topic 1

（一）核心詞匯：

birthday, May, celebrate, party, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, twelfth, twentieth, date, January, March, April, June, July, August, September, October, November, December, alone, were, born, was, thousand, present, shape, hill, square, circle, ago, machine, football, special, candle, surprise.

（二）常用詞組：

1. plan to do sth. 計劃做某事

2. be born 出生

3. have a look 看一看

4. just now 剛才

5. use sth. for / to… 用某物作……用

6. do some cleaning 做掃除

（三）重點句型：

1. How do you plan to celebrate it? 你打算如何慶祝？

2. ----When you born? 你什么時候出生？

--I born in June, 1970我生于1970年6月。

3. --Were you born in Hebei? 你出生于河北嗎？

----Yes, I was. 是的，我是。

4. was your daughter born?你的女兒什么時候出生？

5. Was she born in Hebei, ?她也生于河北嗎？

--No, she wasn’t. 不，她不是。

6. --Where was she born? 她出生于哪里？

--She was born in Henan. 她出生于河南。

7. --What’s the shape of your present? 你的禮物的形狀是什么？

--It’s round. 它是圓形的。

8. -- is it? 它是什么形狀？

--It’s a rectangle. 它是長方形的。

9. --What do we use it for? 我們用它來做什么？

--WeEnglish.我們用它來學習英語。

10. --How long / wide is it? 它多長/ 寬？

-It’s 60 centimeters long/wide.它60厘米長/寬。

(四)交際用語：

1. --Would you like to come? 你想要來嗎？

--Yes, I’d love to. 是的，我想要來。

2. --What day is it? 今天星期幾？

--It’s Thursday. 星期四。

3. --What’s the date today? 今天幾號？

--It’s May 8th. 5月8號。

4. Can I have a look(at sth)? 我可以看一下(…)嗎？

--Sorry, I’m afraid you can’t. 對不起，恐怕你不能。

（五）語法精粹：

1. 一般過去時（I）

一般過去時表示過去某個時間發生的動作或存在的狀態，常與 a minute ago, yesterday, last year, in those days, just now, in 1990等表示過去的時間狀語連用；一般過去時也表示過去經常或反復發生的動作。

如：I got up at 6:30 yesterday. 昨天我6點30分起床。

My father was at work yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午我父親在上班。

He always went to work by bus last year. 去年他總是乘公共汽車上班。

2. 基數詞和序數詞的用法

1，2，3，特殊記，th四加起

8后面減去t, nine后面不要e

ve 要用f替， ty變成tie

幾十，幾百幾，只變個位記心里

（六）典型習題

一）用所給單詞的正確形式填空。

1. Would you like to _____________ (celebrate) your birthday with your

good friends?

2. The twins ________ (be) born on December 22nd, 2005.

They are three years old now.

3. Mr. White lives on the ___________ (twelve) floor in this building.

4. September is the ________ (nine) month of the year.

5. There _______ (be) a kite on the wall just now.

二）單項選擇題：

1. --When did Hong Kong return to our motherland?

--________ July 1st, 1997.

A. On B. In C. At D. For

2. -- What was the date yesterday? --_________

A. It was June 2nd. B. It’s May 8th, 2008.

C. It was Sunday. D. It’s Tuesday.

3. --What do we use MP3 for?

--We ________ it ______ some music.

A. use; to listen to B. use; listen

C. is listening; to listen D. are listening; listening

4. The girl’s friends give her many presents ________ her birthday.

A. at B. on C. to D. in

5. Tom and bill __________ afraid _________ English classes a year ago.

But now they are good at it.

A. are; to have B. were; to have C. were; having D. are; having

6. --Today is your birthday. Happy birthday and here ________ a birthday card

_____ you. --Thank you very much.

A. is; to B. are; to C. is; for D. are; for

7. -- What ________ Jim like? And what _______ he like?

--He is thin and tall. And he likes apples.

A. is; does B. is; look C. is; is D. does; look

三）句型轉換：

1. He was born in April, 1983. (對劃線部分提問)

_________ was he born?

2. Today is Saturday. (對劃線部分提問)

________ ________ is it today?

3. His birthday is May 1st. (同義句轉換)

He was born ________ _________ _________.

4. Tom and Mike were born in the U.S.A. (對劃線部分提問)

__________ ________ Tom and Mike born?

5. I was born in Shandong on September 10th. (改為一般疑問句)

______ _______ born in Shandong on September 10th?

四）根據漢語提示完成句子：

1. Next Sunday is Kangkang’s birthday. We want to ___________ (舉行生日

聚會)for him.

2. Li Xing often helps his mother to _________ (打掃衛生).

3. --Can I _________ (看一看) at your father’s new car?

--Yes, you can.

4. We want to buy a beautiful present to _______________(給他一個驚喜).

5. Her mother ____________________(在做豐盛的晚餐) for her birthday.

6. He _______________ (出生于) on August 1st of 1992.

Unit 7Topic 2

(一). 重點短語

1. 在晚會上 at the party

在康康的生日晚會at Kangkang’s birthday party

2. 彈鋼琴 play the piano 踢足球 play soccer 打球類比賽 play ball games

3. 唱漢語/英文歌曲 sing Chinese/English songs

唱一首英文歌曲 sing an English song

4. 跳迪斯科 dance the disco

跳/表演芭蕾舞 perform ballet

5. 玩兒得高興 have a good time = enjoy oneself

6. 把這些花拿到晚會上去 take these flowers to the party

把那些花拿到晚會上來 bring those flowers to the party

bring/take …to … (有方向、遠近之分)

7. 如此多的人 so many people (people集體名詞，單復數同形)

如此多的水/牛奶/果so much water/milk/juice

一些人/水/學生 some people/water/students

8. 爬樹/山 climb trees/ hills

9. 照相 take photos/ pictures

給某人照相 take photos/pictures of/for sb.

10. 畫畫 draw pictures

11. 講、說日語 speak Japanese

用日語說這個單詞say the word in Japanese

12. 做飛機模型 make model planes

13. 戶外活動 outdoor activities

室內活動 indoor activities

14. 一年前 one year ago

四年前 four years ago

15. 擅長做某事 be good at +n./ pron./doing

在某方面做得好 do well in +n./ pron./doing

在某方面做得更好do better in +n./ pron./doing

16. 在…歲時 at the age of…

17. 在某人的幫助下 with someone’s help ＝ with the help of someone

18. 開始做某事 begin to do sth. = start to do sth.

19. 對……困難 be hard for…

20．想要做某事would like to do sth. / want to do sth.

（二）重點句子總結

1. –Can you count the photos for me? 你能為我數數這些照片嗎？--Yes, I can. / No, I can’t. 好的，可以。/ 不，不可以。

2. –Do you want to sing Chinese songs or English songs? 你想唱中文歌還是英文歌？

--Chinese songs. 中文歌。

3. –Can you dance the disco or perform ballet? 你會跳迪斯科還是跳芭蕾舞？

--I can dance the disco. 我會跳迪斯科。

4. –What else can you do? 你還能做其他什么嗎？（else為形容詞，做后置定語。一般放在不定代詞和疑問詞之后）

--I can dance and play the guitar. 我會跳舞和彈吉他。

5. I can only/also sing English songs. 我只/ 也會唱英文歌。

（only/also一般放在be動詞、情態動詞之后，實義動詞之前）

6. I can swim a little / very well.（修飾動詞不能用very good）

我會一點游泳。/ 我游泳游得很好

I can’t swim at all. 我根本不會游泳。

7. I’m sure we’ll have a good time at the party.

我確信我們在晚會上一定會過得很愉快。

(be sure of… / be sure to do. be sure (that)+句子

8. –Happy birthday to you! 生日快樂！Best wishes to you! 衷心祝福你！

--Thank you(very much) / Thanks (a lot). （非常）謝謝！

9. When she was five, she could only dance a little. 當她五歲時，她會跳一點兒舞。

(when在這里是連詞，后跟句子。也可做疑問詞，引導提問日期的特殊疑問句)

10. One year ago, she couldn’t do it at all. 一年前她根本不會做這件事。

11. They could do it , but not very well.

他們一年前會做這件事，但是做得不是很好。

12. Zhang Jun can ride a bike this year, but he couldn’t do it a year ago.

張軍今年會騎自行車，但是他一年前并不會。

13. Michael can’t come to school today because he hurt his right leg.

Michael今天不能來上學了，因為他傷到了他的右腿。

14. I couldn’t play the piano when I was four and I still can’t now.

我四歲時不會彈鋼琴而且我現在仍然不會。

15. Kangkang is good at playing soccer, Michael does well in basketball.

康康擅長踢足球，而Micheal籃球打得好。（表示對比）

16. Six years ago, there was something wrong with her eyes.（there be 過去時）

六年前，她的眼睛出了毛病。

17. She couldn’t see anything. = She could see nothing.

她什么都看不見了。

18. Life was very hard for her when she was young.

當她年輕的時候，生活對她來講是艱難的。

19. In English, “hard” means “difficult” here.

英語中，“hard”的意思是困難的。

20. No way! 沒門！絕對不行！

(三)重要語法總結

情態動詞can / could 的用法

1. 情態動詞本身有各種意義，但不能單獨做謂語，只能和動詞一起構成謂語，表示說話人的語氣和情感。沒有人稱和數的變化。

2. can/could 表示一般的能力，could表示過去的能力，can 表示現在或將來的能力。

3. 當表示允許別人某事時，用can而不用could.

4. 表示提議和請求。在語氣上could較客氣，但can較肯定。

e.g. A monkey can’t swim.

She couldn’t draw before.

--Could I open the door now?

--Yes, of course you can.

Could you tell me the way to the hospital?

(四) 典型練習題

一）單項選擇

1. Bob likes to play ____soccer and he also likes to play ____piano.

A. /; the B. the; the C. the; / D. /; /

2. --____do you want to eat?

--Thanks. I’m full.

A. What else B. What other C. Else what D. Other what

3. --Do they both like reading books?

--Yes. Lucy likes reading science books, _____Lily likes reading storybooks.

A. so B. or C. while D. when

4. --Can Jane sing English songs ____the party?

--Yes. She can sing them ____her teacher’s help now. A. at; under B. of; with C. of; under D. at; with

5. --Can I take away these nice presents?

--_____. They are for my friends.

A. Not way B. No way C. Don’t worry D. All right

6. --Could Jane dance the disco____?

--No, but she could play ball games three years ____. A. before; ago B. ago; before C. ago; ago D. before; before

7. --Are you good at ____?

--No, but I do well in ____.

A. swim; fish B. swimming; fishing

C. swim; fishing D. swimming; fish

8. --Can you draw pictures for me?

--_______ I have too much homework to do.

A. Yes, I can. B. No, I can’t. C. Yes, he can.

9. --Li Ming often plays sports on the playground. Can he play basketball?

--Yes, he can. He can do it _______

A. a little B. very well C. very good

10. We have very ______water left. Please go and get some. A. any B. little C. a lot of

11. --There are _____drinks in the room. What do you want?

--No, thanks. A. so many B. so muchC. a little

12. --What present would you like to _____to the party, Jack?

--It’s a secret. A. carry B. take C. get

13. --Are the twins ______in the same school?

--Yes, they are. A. all B. both C. each

14. She can sing English songs, but she doesn’t know ______about Chinese songs.

A. some B. anything C. a lot

二）首字母或適當形式或漢譯英填空。

1. The word “hard” _____(意思是)difficult.

2. 我爸爸在十八歲時就能開車了。

My father ________a car _________eighteen.

3. 昨天我的自行車壞了。

There __________________ my bike yesterday.

4. 今天公園里有如此多的人。

There are _________ people in the park today.

5. Mary _____(寫)to her parents twice a month.

6. What does the new word _____(意思是)？

7. 在我父親的幫助下，我能閱讀了。

I can read _________________.

8. ___________(別的什么) can you sing?

9. Maria ________________(擅長于) performing ballet.

10. Life is very _____________(對……困難) him.

11. Jane couldn’t ride a bike. She ______her ___________(傷了左腿)。

12. Something is w_______with his eyes. He can see nothing.

13. You help me so much, but I s____ can’t do it.

14. Lucy can _______(draw) pictures.

15. John and Mike ____________(fly) kites near the river now.

16. Jim ______(can) not cook five years ago.

三）句型轉換

1. Jane has something to do at school today.(改為一般疑問句)

Does Jane ___________to do at the party today?

2. My new model plane doesn’t work. (改為同義句)

There is _______________with my new model plane.

3. Basketball, two, girls, could, play, years, the, two, ago

____________________________________________

4. Sam, making, can, model, I, see, plane, a, there

________________________________________

5. Tom can play the guitar.(用piano改為選擇疑問句)

______Tom play the guitar _____play the piano?

7. She performs ballet very well.(改為同義句)

She is ______________________ballet.

8. Michael likes playing football. David likes reading books in the library.

(用while連接)

__________________________________________________.

9. I can help my mother on Sundays. (對劃線部分提問)

_________ you _____on Sunday?

Unit7 Topic3

（一）重點短語

1. at Kangkang’s birthday party.在康康的生日晚會上

2. recite a Chinese poem背一首中文詩

3. perform magic tricks表演魔術

4. enjoy oneself have a good time玩的很高興

5. dance the disco跳迪斯科

6. perform kung fu /ballet表演功夫 / 跳芭蕾舞

7. one of Kangkang’s friends康康的一個朋友

8. miss the chair沒搶著椅子

9. fall down倒下

10. hurt oneself傷著自己

11. at once // right now // right away立刻，馬上

12. happen to sb./sth.發生在某人/某物身上

13. stand up站起來 // sit down 坐下

14. come back to /return to…回來

15. at that time在那時

16. play video games玩電子游戲

17. go to the movies去看電影 see a movie 看電影

19. lie to sb / tell sb a lie / tell a lie to sb對某人撒謊

20. tell the truth講真話

21. talk about談論// talk to對……講話// talk with 和……談話

22. win//lose the game贏得//輸掉比賽

23. have a birthday party for sb為某人舉辦一個生日晚會

24. buy sth for sb =buy sb sth給某人買某物

25. bring sth for sb給某人帶來某物

26. by hand手工

27. each of us我們中的每一個人(后面的動詞用單數)

28. sit around圍著坐

29. make a silent wish默默許愿

30. blow out吹滅

31. in one breath一口氣

32. think over考慮

33. write down寫下來

34. in one’s home在某人家 at home在家 at one’s house

35. come to one’s party參加某人的晚會

36. write a letter to sb. /write sb a letter /write to sb給某人寫信

37. thank sb for sth / doing sth thanks for sth / doing sth感謝某人某事/做某事

38. Best wishes最良好的祝愿

39. have a big dinner舉行一個豐盛的晚宴

（二）重點句型

1．How was Kangkang’s birthday party ? 康康的生日晚會怎樣

It was very nice. 非常好.

2．You speak Chinese very well. 你講漢語真好

3．It’s your turn. 該你了。 It’s one’s turn to do sth. 輪到某人做某事了。

4．What’s the matter ? 怎么了？What’s the trouble ? What’s wrong ?

5．This way, please.請這邊走

6．We did see a movie. 我們的確看電影了。（do/did/does +動原表強調）

7．What else did you do at the party ? 在晚會上你還做別的什么了？

8．Why didn’t you tell me the truth ?你為什么不給我講真話？

（三）重點語法

一般過去時

1．一般過去時表示過去某個時間發生的動作或存在的狀態，常和表示過去的時間狀語連用。一般過去時也表示過去經常或反復發生的動作。

2．Be動詞在一般過去時中的變化：

⑴am 和is在一般過去時中變為was。（was not=wasn’t）

⑵are在一般過去時中變為were。（were not=weren’t）

⑶帶有was或were的句子，其否定、疑問的變化和is, am, are一樣，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑問句把was或were調到句首。

3．句中沒有be動詞的一般過去時的句子

?? 否定句：didn’t +動詞原形，

如：Jim didn’t go home yesterday.

?? 一般疑問句：在句首加did，句子中的動詞過去式變回原形。

如：Did Jim go home yesterday?

?? 特殊疑問句：⑴疑問詞+did+主語+動詞原形？

如：What did Jim do yesterday?

⑵疑問詞當主語時：疑問詞+動詞過去式？

如：Who went to home yesterday?

動詞過去式變化規則：

1．一般在動詞末尾加-ed，如：pull-pulled, cook-cooked

2．結尾是e加d，如：taste-tasted

3．末尾只有一個元音字母和一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節，應雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加-ed，如：stop-stopped plan-planned trip -tripped

4．以“輔音字母+y”結尾的，變y為i， 再加-ed，如：study-studied

5．不規則動詞過去式：

am/is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went, come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put, make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, fly-flew, ride-rode, speak-spoke, sweep-swept, swim-swam, sit-sat

（四）易錯題

一）用行為動詞的適當形式填空

1. He _________ (live) in Wuxi two years ago.

2. The cat ________ (eat) a bird last night.

3. We _______ (have) a party last Halloween.

4. Nancy ________ (pick) up oranges on the farm last week.

5. I ________ (make) a model ship with Mike yesterday.

6. They ________ (play) chess in the classroom last PE lesson.

7. My mother _______ (cook) a nice food last Spring Festival.

8. The girls ________ (sing) and _______ (dance) at the party.

二）用be動詞的適當形式填空

1.?I _______ at school just now.

2.?He ________ at the camp last week.

3.?We ________ students two years ago.

4.?They ________ on the farm a moment ago.

5. Yang Ling ________ eleven years old last year.

6.?There ________ an apple on the plate yesterday.

7.?There ________ some milk in the fridge on Sunday.

8.?The mobile phone _______ on the sofa yesterday evening.

三）句型轉換

1. I did my homework after school yesterday. (變為否定句)

I ______ ______my homework after school yesterday.

2. She watched TV after supper. (就劃線部分提問)

______ ______she ______ after supper.

3. When he came back home, it was eleven o’clock. (變為同義句)

He ______ come back home _____ 11:00

4. My mother bought a T-shirt for my brother. (變為同義句)

My mother ______ my brother a ______.

5. could, you, to, lie, how, me, Mary (連詞成句)

_______________________________________

Unit8 Topic1

(一)重點詞組:

1. in summer/fall/spring/winter在夏天/秋天/冬天

2. make a snowman/snowmen堆雪人

3. take a walk=have a walk散步

4. In most of China 在中國的大部分地區 most :大部分的

5. later on 后來,以后

6. be different from….和…..不同

7. come back to life 蘇醒,復蘇,復活

(二)重要句型:

1. 詢問天氣的兩個句型:What’s the weather like?/How is the weather?

2. It’s a good time/season to do sth=It’s a good time for sth/doing sth

是做什么事的好時候或好季節

It’s a good time for sb to do sth 是某人做什么事的好時候

e.g It’s a good time/season to swim

3. --Why?

--Because……由why引導的句子,回答一定要用because

4. learn to do sth. 學做某事

e.g She is learning to dance.

5. Which season do you like best?=What’s your favorite season?

6. 詢問溫度: What’s the temperature?

The low / high temperature is….

The temperature is from…to…

The temperature is between…and…

7. had better do sth. 最好做某事 had better 最好 had縮寫’d

否定形式: had better not do sth.

e.g The temperature is high outside. You’d better not go out.

8. remember to do sth. 記得去做某事(實際動作還未發生)

remember doing sth. 記得做過某事(實際動作已經發生)

e.g You must remember to close the door.你一定要記得關門(門還沒有關)

He remembered closing the door. 他記得關過門了(門已經關上了)

9. be busy doing sth 忙于做某事

e.g He is busy reading.

be busy with sth 忙于…..

e.g They are busy with housework.

(三)重要單詞總結講解:

1. 表示天氣的形容詞

rain------rainy cloud------cloudy snow-----snowy wind----windy sun----sunny fog----foggy

2. wear, be in 和put on

★wear穿著,戴著,強調狀態,用一般現在時表示經常狀態,用現在進行時

表示暫時狀態.

★be in 表示穿著的狀態

e.g We wear our raincoat on a rainy day.(經常狀態)

Is she wearing red clothes? (暫時狀態)

The girl in pink is my sister.

★Put on 穿上,戴上,強調動作

e.g She put on a red coat and went out.

e.g Most students are not here.

3. sunglasses/shorts/shoes/pants這些詞通常都用復數形式

4. get warm 變暖和, get是系動詞,后加形容詞, 類似的還有get cold; get fat

e.g The weather gets hot in summer.

5. rain heavily heavy rain snow heavily heavy snow

strong wind e.g The wind blows strongly.

6. last: v. 延續 e.g The meeting lasts for an hour.

adi.上一個的, 最近的 last Tuesday

(四)典型例題:

1 單項選擇

(1)---Would you like to play soccer with me tomorrow?

---I’m not sure. I will clean my room_____ it’s sunny tomorrow.

A. which B. if C. that

(2)---It’s raining harder. Let’s stand under that big tree.

---______It’s very dangerous to do so in such weather.

A. Let’s go B. You’d better not C. all right

(3)---How long______ the meeting______ yesterday?

---About two hours.

A. did; have B. did; last C. does; lasts D. does; has

(4) When Spring Festival comes, people in China_______ presents for

their good friends.

A. is busy to buy B. are busy to buy

C. is busy buying D. are busy buying

(5) It’s _______,and we can make a snowman.

A. warm B. rainy C. windy D. snowy

(6) You’d better________ football on the street. It’s very dangerous.

A. play B. to play C. not to play D. not play

(7) It’s too hot, you need ______sunglasses, T-shirts and shorts.

A. wear B. to wear C. put on D. to put on

(8) It’s fall now. It’s _______

A. windy and sun B. wind and warm

C. cool and windy D. sun and warm

2 句型轉換

(1). Sometimes it rains heavily. (同義句轉換)

There is sometimes______ _______.

(2). Maria likes winter best.(對劃線部分提問)

______ ______is Maria’s_______?

(3). How was the weather in Hebei?(同義句轉換)

_____ ______ the weather______in Hebei?

(4). The lowest temperature is-10 C in Beijing today.(對劃線部分提問)

______ _______the lowest temperature in Beijing today?

(5). In China, spring comes in March and goes on to May. (同義句轉換)

In China, spring_____ ______March______May.

(6). It was nice and bright yesterday. (對劃線部分提問)

______ _______the weather_______ yesterday?

3. 用括號內所給詞的適當形式填空

(1). It’s_____(sun) today.

(2). The sun shines _____(bright)

(3). He_____(wear) glasses all day.

(4). It______(snow)heavily yesterday.

(5). The famers are all busy______(get) ready for the next year.

(6). The weather in most______(part) of China is hot in Summer.

(7). Saying a thing is very______(difference)from doing it

4. 根據題意寫出單詞

(1). We feel very nice. It is not too cold and not too hot. It is w______.

(2). We can see the sun in the sky. It is always shining brightly. We usually wear light clothes such as skirt, T-shirt and so on. It is very h______.

(3). There is much wind. But we don’t feel cold. It is very______.

(4). The temperature is low. It is often snows. It is very______.

Unit 8 Topic 2

(一） 重點詞語

1. the summer / winter holiday 暑假；寒假

2. talk about 談論到，談及

3. holiday plans 假日計劃

4. want to go 想去

want to do sth = would like to do sth 想做某事

hope to do sth 希望做某事

plan to do sth 計劃做某事

5. around the country 環繞國家

6. take pictures / photos of 給…照相

7. pass something to somebody 傳遞某物給某人

8. places of interest 名勝古跡

9. celebrate something with somebody 和某人一起慶祝某事

10. get together with somebody 和某人聚會在一起

11. go on a trip去旅游 go for a holiday 去度假

be on holiday = go on holiday 在度假

12. have a good time = have a great time = have a wonderful time

= have a nice time = have fun

玩得很高興

13.the Spring City 春城

14. all the year round 全年

15. the best time 最佳時間

16. enter someone’s home 進入某人家里

17. take off your shoes 脫鞋子

18. go out 出去 go back 回去

19. point to 指著

20. eat with your left hand 用左手吃東西

21. Muslin countries 穆斯林國家

22. touch sb. on someplace 觸摸某人的某個部位

23. make the OK sign 做個好了的手勢

24. arrive on time 按時到達

25. a little late晚一點

26. had better do sth 最好做某事

had better not do sth 最好不做某事

27. a pair of sunglasses 一副太陽鏡

28. and so on 等等

（二）重點句型

1. The summer holidays are coming. 暑假要來了。

2. I hope to get together with them. 我希望和他們在一起。

3. Each of us has a good plan for the holidays.

我們每個人都有一個很好的假期計劃。

4. Can you tell me something about Yunnan?

你能告訴我一些云南的事情么？

5. It sounds really interesting and exciting. 它聽起來相當有趣和令人激動。

6. Different countries have different customs. 不同的國家有不同的風俗。

7. You shouldn’t eat with your left hand. 你不能用左手吃東西。

8. You mustn’t point to anything with your foot. 你千萬不要用腳指東西。

9. Guess what I bought for you! 猜猜我為你買了什么！

10.I hope you all have a good time. 我希望你們每個人都能過得愉快

(三)重點語法

一）一般過去時的特殊疑問句：

1. How was you trip? ---It was wonderful.

2. How did you travel there? ---By train.

3. How long were you there? ---Only five days.

4.-- Did you visit any places of interest?

--Yes, we visited Mount Emei and Jiuzhaigou.

二）情態動詞should和shouldn’t的用法：

1. should I visit in Yunnan?

2. You should visit Dali and Lijiang and you shouldn’t miss Xishuangbanna.

3. When yousomeone’s home, you should your shoes.

（四）交際用語：談論旅游和風俗

1. Where do you want to go ?

2. Who would you like to travel with?

3. How was your trip? --It was wonderful.

4. What’s the best time to go there?

5. How did you travel there? --By train.

6. How long were you there? --Only five days.

7. Different countries have different customs.

8. When you travel in other countries, youknow the customs of

those countries.

（五）典型練習題

一）詞組互譯：

1．脫下___________

2. 不同的國家_________

3．指著某物________

4. 與… …不同________

5. The customs of those countries________

6. go out with their hair wet ________

7. mustn’t = 漢意________

8. places of interest ______

9. shouldn’t= 漢意______

10. passs sth to sb_____

二) 用should \shouldn’t 填空

1 . It’s hot today, you ______take more clothes.

2. It’s seven o’clock , we______ go to school.

3. There are more and more clouds, you ______ take an umbrella.

4. If you go to Yunnan , you _____miss Lijiang.

5. When you travel in other countries, you_________ know the customs of these countries.

6. In Japan, when you enter someone’s home, you_________ take off your shoes.

三) 根據句意及首字母提示填空。

1. Mrs. White e________ the room quietly, because her baby was sleeping.

2. Tom wants to go for a holiday in I________.

3. I took some photos of my family with my c________.

4. I got a lot of g________ from my friends on my birthday party.

5. Don’t t________ anything when you visit a factory, or it will be dangerous.

(四) 根據句意及所給出的漢語意思填空。

1. The Palace Museum in Beijing is a famous ________ ________ ________

(名勝).

2. I think you can go ________（任何時候）.

3. I don’t like ________（潮濕的）weather.

4. Many people is Sichuan like ________ ________（辣的食物）very much.

5. They ________ ________ ________ ________（玩得愉快）in the Summer Palace last Sunday.

6. I hope to ________ _______ ________（與…團聚） my old friends.

7. Different countries have _______ ________ (不同的風俗習慣)

8. My bag is ________ ________ ________.(不同于你的)

9. The rain stopped. Please ________ ________(脫下) your raincoat.

Unit 8 Topic 3

㈠短語總結

1. 春節 Spring Festival

2. 元宵節 Lantern Festival

3. 除夕之夜 New Year’s Eve

4. 母親節 Mother’s Day

5. 教師節 Teachers’ Day

6. 中秋節 Mid-autumn Festival

7. 愚人節 April Fool’s Day

8. 吃餃子 eat dumplings

9. 包餃子 make dumplings

10. 表演舞龍舞獅 perform lion and dragon dances

11. 在許多國家 in many countries

12. 互贈禮物 give each other presents/ give presents to each other

13. 在這一天 on this day

14. 吃元宵 eat sweet dumplings

15. 好運 good luck

16. 看燈展 watch a lantern show

17. 猜燈謎 guess riddles

18. 團聚 get together

19. 睡覺 go to bed

20. 知道…才 not…until

21. 在午夜 at midnight

22. 迎接新年 welcome the new year

23. 復活 come back to life

24. 開某人的玩笑 play tricks on sb.

25. 互相,彼此 each other

26. 舉行聚會 have a party/ have parties

27. 向某人表達愛意 show love to sb.

28. 給某人看某物 show sth to sb./ show sb. sth

29. 為…做準備 prepare for sth

30. 打掃房子 clean the house

31. 去購物 go shopping

32. 用…裝飾 decorate sth with sth

33. 彩燈 colorful lights

34. 在平安夜 on Christmas Eve

35. 去做禮拜 go to church

36. 唱圣誕歌 sing Christmas songs

37. 把…掛起來 put up

38. 在火爐旁邊 by the fireplaces

39. 早起 get up early

40. 家庭聚會 have a family get-together

41. 互相問候 greet each other

42. 一件大事 a big event

43. 開始做某事 begin/ start to do sth ; begin/ start doing sth

44. 全家 the whole family

45. 守夜,熬夜 stay up

46. 農歷新年 the lunar new year

47. 壓歲錢 lucky/ gift money

48. 敲門 knock at/ on the door

49. 對某人大喊 shout to/ at sb.

50. 五一勞動節 May Day / International Labor Day

51. 一個七天的假期 a seven-day holiday

52. 去旅游 go traveling

53. 端午節 Dragon Boat Festival

54. 舉行龍舟比賽 hold dragon boat races

55. 在許多地方 in many places

56. 吃粽子 eat rice dumplings

57. 國慶節 National Day

58. 全國 the whole country

59. …的首都/ 省會 the capital of …

60. 看升旗儀式 watch the national flag go up

61. 賞月 enjoy the bright full moon

62. 惡作劇還是請客 trick or treat

63. 在墻上 on the wall

㈡重要句型

1. They often eat turkey and Christmas cakes and give each other presents.

= give presents to each other

give sb. sth = give sth to sb.

類似的有：lend, send, bring, pass, take

E.g.: I lent my bike to her. = I lent her my bike.

send sb. sth =sent sth to sb. 送給某人某物

bring sb. sth = bring sth to sb. 給某人帶來某物

take sb. sth = take sth to sb. 給某人帶走某物

2. It means the end of Spring Festival. 它意味著春節的結束。

the end of …的末端 ；at the end of …在…的末端(時間和空間); by the end of 到…末端為止

E.g. Mr. Wang lives at the end of Elm Road.

Children put up stockings at the end of their beds.

We can finish the work by the end of the year.

3. not…until直到…才

E.g. He came back after 12o’clock last night. (用not…until改寫)

He didn’t come back until 12 o’clock.

4. prepare for sth 為某事做好準備=get sth ready ,其賓語為所準備的直接內容

E.g They are preparing for the party this evening.

The students are preparing for the exams.

5. go to church 去教堂做禮拜; go to the church去教堂

go to school 去上學；go to the school 去學校

go to hospital去看病；go to the hospital去醫院

6. start/ begin to do sth; start/ begin doing sth

E.g. He started/ began to study English six years ago.

He started/ began singing.

7. The whole family gets together for a big dinner.

the whole +單數名詞(集體名詞) = all the +名詞

E.g The whole class is here. = All the class are here.

The whole world likes football.

8. watch sb. / sth do 看見某人/物做某事，表示動作的結果 （全過程）

watch sb./ sth doing看見某人/物正在做某事，表示動作正在進行

類似的有： hear, see

E.g. I hear someone singing in the next room.

I often hear him shout to others.

I see an old man selling books in the street.

I sometimes see them play basketball on the playground.

㈢易錯題

一）翻譯句子

1. 春節在中國是最重要的節日。

_____________________________________________________

2. 哪天晚些時候，他去購物。

_____________________________________________________

3. 他們正忙于為母親準備禮物。

____________________________________________________

4. 昨天他們用彩燈和彩球裝飾了圣誕樹。

_____________________________________________________

5. 瑪利亞經常在星期天去做禮拜。

_____________________________________________________

6. 全家人聚在一起吃一頓大餐。

_____________________________________________________

7. 在中國慶祝春節是一件大事。

_____________________________________________________

8. 在許多地方人們舉行龍舟比賽。

_____________________________________________________

9. 他是一位70歲的老人。

_____________________________________________________

10. 他們常常在天安門廣場觀看升國旗。

_____________________________________________________

二）用所給詞的正確形式填空

1. On New Year’s Eve, people have ________(party)

2. The boy _________ (not go) to bed until the TV said goodbye.

3. He enjoys ______ (play) tricks on his friends.

4. We should _______ (show) our love to our parents and teachers.

5. Let’s _______(give) the flowers to our teacher.

6. ________(celebrate) National Day is a big event.

7. We are busy __________ (prepare) for the 29th Olympic Games.

8. In China, children always greet their parents for _______( luck) money.

9. Yesterday evening, she ______ (wear) a beautiful dress at the party.

10. Many people go to Tian’an Men Square to watch the national flag ________

(go) up.

11. She isn’t reading. She ________(write).

12. Jack _____(go) to school at 7:00 every day.

13. He _____(do) his homework at home yesterday.

14. Can she ______(speak) English?

15. What about ______(go) hiking?

三）用正確的介詞填空

1. People show their love to their parents ________ giving gifts on Mother’s Day.

2. People eat mooncakes ______ Mid-autumn Day.

3. _______that day, families get together for a big dinner.

4. Students give cards or flowers _____ their teachers on Teachers’ Day.

5. Children put up stockings ______ the end of their beds.

6. Spring Festival is ______ January or February.

7. Each of us has a good plan _____ the holidays.

8. You should take off your shoes in Japan ______ entering someone’s home.

9. We often sit ______ the fireplaces in winter.

10. They decorate the Christmas ______ colorful lights.

四）句型轉換

1. It’s October 6th today. （對劃線部分提問）

_____________________________________________________

2. I was born on December 20th, 1977. （對劃線部分提問）

_____________________________________________________

3. I think boys like balls. (否定句)

_____________________________________________________

4. The English Learning Machine is a rectangle. （對劃線部分提問）

_____________________________________________________

5. Last year, my mother bought a new bike for me. (同義句)

_____________________________________________________

6. What’s the weather like in Beijing in spring? (同義句)

_____________________________________________________

7. Which season do you like best, spring, summer or fall? (同義句)

_____________________________________________________

8. You should put on a warm coat when you go out. (否定句)

_____________________________________________________

9. I went to Sichuan for holidays last year. (改為一般疑問句)

_____________________________________________________

10.The book is about 20 centimeters wide. （對劃線部分提問）

_____________________________________________________

11. He is doing his homework at the moment. (用a moment ago改寫句子)

_____________________________________________________

12. What was the matter with your bike? (同義句)

_____________________________________________________

含be動詞的一般現在時的句式：

肯定句式：主語+be動詞+其他。

否定句式：主語+be動詞+not+其他。

一般疑問句式：be動詞+主語+其他？

特殊疑問句式：特殊疑問詞+be動詞+主語+其他？

謂語是實義動詞的一般現在時的句式：

肯定句式：主語+動詞原形+其他。

否定句式：主語+don’t/doesn’t+動詞原形+其他。

一般疑問句式：do/does+主語+動詞原形+其他？

特殊疑問句式：特殊疑問詞+do/does+主語+動詞原形+其他？

注：當主語是第三人稱單數時，一般要在動詞原形后加-s或-es 。

現在進行時的句式：

肯定句式：主語+be動詞+現在分詞+其他。

否定句式：主語+be動詞+not+現在分詞+其他。

一般疑問句式：be動詞+主語+現在分詞+其他？

特殊疑問句式：特殊疑問詞+be動詞+主語+現在分詞+其他？

含動詞be的一般過去時的句式：

肯定句式：主語+be動詞(was/were)+其他。

否定句式：主語+be動詞(was/were)+not+其他。

一般疑問句式：be動詞(was/were)+主語+其他？

特殊疑問句式：特殊疑問詞+be動詞(was/were)+主語+其他？

含行為動詞的一般過去時的句式：

肯定句式：主語+動詞的過去式+其他。

否定句式：主語+didn’t+動詞原形+其他。

一般疑問句式：did+主語+動詞原形+其他？

特殊疑問句式：特殊疑問詞+did+主語+動詞原形+其他？

溫馨提示：辨析一般現在時和一過去時，一定要認真看清時間狀語。

七年級英語下冊詞組大考查

1.乘地鐵 2.步行,走路

3.乘飛機 4.笨鳥先飛 5.做家庭作業 6.稍作休息 7.打籃球 8.去游泳 9.彈吉他 10.做運動 11.多久一次 12.一會兒 13.學習必須放在第一位

14.喜歡作某事 15.看電視 16.看書 17.看電影 18.看黑板

19.向某人借某物 20.把某物借給某人

21.把某物還給某人 22.準時,按時

23.及時 24.在……中央(心)

25.在……隔壁,在……旁邊

26.在……后部/后面

27.在……前面(內部)

28.在……前面(外部)

29.在……和……之間

30.和某人交談

31.談論關于某人/某事

32.從事

33.了解,得知 34.你覺得……怎么樣

35.根本不,一點也不 36.到……的時間了

37.對某人友好 38.向某人學習……

39.當代科學 40.上物理課

41.感謝某人做了某事 42.在二樓 43.上樓 44.下樓 45.看一看

46.和某人一起玩耍 47.把……收起來放好

48.照看,照顧 49.看 50.尋找 51.看起來像 52.查找,查閱 53.在樹上

54.在墻上 55.在花園里 56.單間 57.在廚房前面 58.把某物租給某人 59.從某人處租某物 60.想要干某事 61.聽見某人正在做某事 62.聽見某人做了某事63.在……盡頭 64.在右邊 65.在左邊

66.許多 67.離……遠 68.立刻,馬上 69.讓某人做某事 70.從……到…… 71.帶大院子的房子 72.在第一個街口 73.左拐

74.右拐 75.越過,走過

76.在……拐角處 77.在……對面

78.需要做某事 79.多長時間,多長

80.多遠 81.禁止停車 82.黑白相間 83.做某事是助人為樂的,好心的

84.超速行駛罰單 85.打算/準備做某事

86.舉行生日聚會 87.出生

88.恐怕 89.給某人買某物

90.跳芭蕾 91.把某人/某物帶到某地

92.照相

93.擅長……,在……方面做的好

94.玩得開心 95.在……的幫助下

96.對……是困難的 97.輪到某人做某事了

98.傷著某人自己 99.對某人撒謊

100.直到……才……,到……為止 101.事實上,實際上 102.說謊,撒謊 103.手工做…… 104.默默許愿 105.吹滅 106.一口氣

107.給……寫回信 108.給某人寫信

109.是……的好時候 110.堆雪人 111.學習去做某事 112.記得去做某事 113.記得做過某事 114.后來,以后 115.度假 116.去……旅行 117.變暖和 118.復活,復蘇 119.忙于做某事 120.與……在一起 121.名勝古跡 122.周游全國 123.外出旅行 124.等等 125.穿上 126.脫下,脫掉,起飛

127.指向……(物體) 128.用……包裹……

129.希望某人做某事 130.與……有區別

131.把……給…… 132.掙錢

133.把某物給某人看 134.相互,彼此

135.舞龍舞獅 136.捉弄某人

137.團聚,相聚,聚會 138.最重要的

139.為……做準備 140.開始為……做準備

141.舉起,掛起,張貼 142.開始做某事

143.在……前夕 144.七天長假

145.全國的人們 146.對……是必須的

147.熬夜 148.壓歲錢 149.春節 150.元宵節 151.中秋節 152.教師節 153.感恩節 154.萬圣節 155.復活節 156.圣誕節

157.母親節 158.端午節

---End—

常見的問路方式:

(假設你想去郵局該怎么問?)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

英語名言警句帶翻譯(2)

你是我最牽掛的人作文700字

微風習習吹過，吹來陣陣花香，也吹來你我最美好的回憶。你——是否還安好？

——題記

一頭瀑布似的披肩長發，一雙裝滿了星星的大眼睛，高挺的鼻梁，紅潤的嘴唇，構成了你——一個美麗精靈的你。

兒時的我，時常住在外婆家，每天玩耍，讓我遇見了你。

你比我大幾星期，我便叫你姐姐，雖然不是我的親姐姐，但你總是給予我溫暖的關懷。

你會每天來到我家門前叫我玩耍；會在我耍小孩子脾氣時一次次的包容我，讓著我；會在我傷心無助時一次次地開導我，幫助我。你與我在外婆家門前的那棵大槐樹下，不知度過了多少美好的時光：春天，一起背誦唐詩成語；夏天，我們一起摘槐花，做花環；秋天，漫步與厚厚的樹葉地攤上；冬天，齊心協力搭成一個又一個雪人……你說，因為有我，你的童年便更加快樂。其實，我又何嘗不是呢？

漸漸地，我們都升入了小學，學業不斷加重，但并未影響我們之間的友誼。每每我回到外婆家時，第一個去找的總會是你。你我一起談天說地，交流學習的近況，甚至會因為一道難題而互相爭的面紅耳赤，互不理睬，但當難題解決后，我們又會重歸于好，繼續開著無傷大雅的玩笑……你我還約定：一起考大學！

但在小學五年級的一天，當我興沖沖地去找你時，卻發現你早已搬家，且不知所去。我十分傷心，外婆勸我說：“沒關系，孩子，你還可以再交新的朋友啊！”可我卻遲遲無法釋懷，曾將承諾做彼此永遠的朋友，可現在卻一聲不吭的離去，卻杳無音訊。沒有了你的妙語連珠，沒有了你銀鈴般清脆的笑聲，我的內心十分冷清，甚至都有些消沉……

現在，升入初中的我，又結交了當初同你和我一樣的額親密的好友，我的心結也漸漸地打開。只是，當我再次踏入外婆家那條小巷時，望著那棵大槐樹，心里依舊有些漣漪泛起。我相信，身處他鄉的你，也會想起我想起那段時光，想起，那曾經的諾言……

也許，我們做不了一生的朋友，但我們依舊可以做彼此最牽掛的人，不是嗎？

對爸爸的印象，從記事的時候，就有了，他留給我的印象就是沉默少言的，但是臉上卻始終有微笑，不管家里遇到了什么樣的困難，只要有爸爸在，一切都能夠雨過天晴的，小時候，家里很窮，可是作為孩子的我們（我和哥哥），卻很幸福。爸爸從來不會因為缺錢，而讓我們感覺得些許的拮據和緊張，哪怕的低三下氣的問人借錢，爸爸都會按時給我們交了學費，從來都不會給我們兄妹倆拖欠學費。爸爸閑下來的時候，就會給我和哥哥講他們生活的那個年代，很苦很累，還經歷過自然災害，窮的時候，連飯都吃不飽。在我的印象里，最深的一件事情就是過年的時候，不管這一年錢賺的多還是少，爸爸總會讓媽媽帶著我和哥哥去買新衣服，當然了，媽媽也必須買新的，唯有爸爸，他是家里面唯一一個可以穿舊衣服過新年的人，這就是我關于爸爸的兒時的印象，他愛家人，從來不肯委屈自己的妻子和孩子。成長歲月里的爸爸在我們漸漸成長的的歲月里，作為孩子，我們都有了自己的認知和想法，青春期的叛逆，我們也給爸爸惹了不少禍，但是，不管我們闖的禍有多大，最后都是爸爸出面，來擺平解決一切。在這個漸漸懂事的過程中，爸爸扮演著一位良師的角色，事情過后，爸爸也會趁機好好的教育我們，讓我們懂得，我們做的是對的，值得鼓勵的，還是不對的，今后需要去改正的。爸爸在社會上經歷的多了，懂得的道理也比我們多很多。我們是在跌跌撞撞的認知中去探索這個社會，而爸爸就是這條探索道路的指明燈！在我們長大的青春光陰里，我們在爸爸身上看到了責任、懂得了承擔的重要性！爸爸，在我們的生活中，必不可少，他讓我們（大哥和我）擁有了正確的人生觀和價值觀，他教會了我們如何看待這個世界，如何去更好的創造自己想要的生活！漸漸上了年紀的爸爸：我只想用“漸漸上了年紀”來形容現在的爸爸，不想要用已經“老去”來形容爸爸。沒錯，歲月是真的很無情的，不知不覺間，爸爸的眼角多了些許的皺紋，額頭的皺紋也不自覺的來向他報到了，爸爸再偉大，也終究抵不過歲月的蹉跎。兩角鬢白的爸爸，讓我們看著多了很多的心疼，一向雷厲風行、無所不能的爸爸，漸漸地，變得老了，特別是當我們都成家以后，爸爸也算是把他一生最重要的任務也都完成了，上了年紀的爸爸，更多的心思，留在了媽媽的身上，一路走來，是媽媽的陪伴和默默的奉獻，才讓爸爸能夠在外工作的時候，毫無雜念！媽媽，就是爸爸最為堅強的后盾，而我們，是爸爸努力奮斗的最大動力，如今，爸爸漸漸地老了，作為兒女，我們無法讓時光倒流，能做的就是多陪伴他們，讓他們的晚年生活能夠幸福！爸爸的一生，都在付出，為了家和家人而付出，如今的我們，都已經成家，更加體會到了為人父母的心酸苦楚，我們能做的就是常回家看看！讓父母不感到孤獨！　我們都是母親身上掉下來的一塊肉，我們跟母親之間的關系，血濃于水，彼此間的那種愛，是神圣而又不可侵犯的，是媽媽給了我們生命，也是媽媽無怨無悔的把我們撫養成人，在我們成長的過程中，不管是好還是不好，媽媽都一味的去包容，去引領著我們我和媽媽的溫情小生活，母愛，總是那么的偉大！都說慈母多敗兒，其實啊，母親在我們的生活著，扮演著不可或缺的角色，沒有母親的無私奉獻，又怎會有我們的今天呢？更多的時候，是我們忽略了母親的重要性，甚至是把母親對我們的關心和愛護變成了理所當然！其實啊，也是因為我們從出生的時候，就擁有了母親的愛，也就變得不那么的珍惜了！我覺得，我們生活在這個世上，更要好好地對待我們的母親，在我的記憶深處，母親總是很慈祥的，她也有屬于她自己的小憂愁，但是，卻從來都不會讓我們知道，不管生活中，遇到了什么困難或者坎坷，她總是自己一個人想辦法面對和解決！以至于曾經的我一直覺得母親是萬能的，沒有什么困難事情是母親不能解決的！兒時記憶中，最深刻的一件事情就是那年的的大冬天，下了很厚很厚的雪，我跟哥哥上學的地方是需要騎著自行車去的，媽媽早早的叫醒了我和哥哥，并且告訴我們下大雪了，路上滑，要早點出發，路上慢一點走，當我們吃了早飯準備出發的時候，媽媽也跟著一起出發了。大冬天的，天黑黑的，母親拿著手電筒，給我和哥哥照明，因為下了雪，有的路段不好走，我們就推著自行車，一路上有說有笑的，時不時的哥哥還會調皮一下，就這樣，母親拿著照明燈，一路護送我和哥哥到了學校，現在回想起來曾經的歲月，滿滿的回憶，滿滿的溫暖！不知不覺間，我們就都長大了，哥哥也成家了，有自己的孩子，媽媽看著我們生活幸福，她也就是開心滿足了，可是，歲月卻是那么的無情，不知不覺間，媽媽的眼角就多了些許的皺紋，她在歲月的淘洗中，漸漸地老去了！她沒有多么偉大的理想，唯一的希望，就是我們都能夠生活的健康，平安，快樂，幸福！母親，從來都不曾奢望我們能夠有多么大的豐功偉績，最大的心愿就是我們平安快樂，她的一生心血，都在我們這些孩子身上，而對于她自己，似乎總是少了很多的關心，作為兒女，長大后的忙碌，確實忽略了對母親的愛，當我們真正的意識到母親老去的時候，歲月一晃已經過去了幾十年！母愛，雖然平凡，但是卻很偉大，我跟媽媽的溫情小生活，那些記憶中的點滴，一直縈繞在腦海中，讓我感受到幸福，感受到溫暖！愛你，親愛的媽媽，愿你生活幸福，健康平安！其實也就是平凡的一年，和往常相比較，也沒有太多的區別，唯一的不同就是自己就業了，不再是學生了，也不再是那個向父母伸手就要錢的小姑娘了！步入社會的自己，很開心，同時也很緊張，畢竟社會才是一個真正的大染缸，才能讓一個人真正的成長和堅強！父母的愛，平凡中滲透著偉大，這一年，感恩父母！在初入社會的這一年里，是要感恩很多的朋友同事領導，但是，我最想要感恩的兩個人，其實就是我的爸爸媽媽！也許，你會覺得很奇怪，步入社會，經歷的很多人或事，不應該都是單位或者工作嗎？怎么會是要感恩父母呢？沒錯，我最最想要感恩的就是我們爸爸和媽媽！為什么呢？且聽我慢慢道來！每一年的母親節和父親節，都只有一天，我想先和大家分享一下父親節發生的小故事，雖然很平凡，很普通，但是我的心確實五味雜陳暖暖的！這一年的自己，已經參加了工作，也有了自己的收入，雖然工資不是很高，但事多多少少還是有些結余的，父親節到了，那天早上一醒來，我就給父親微信上發了紅包，金額不多，也就只有100元的紅包，這一天，我一直在等待著父親領紅包！可是，等啊等啊等啊，眼看著24小時就要過去了，可是父親還是沒有領取紅包，難道是忙碌著，一直沒有看到嗎？或者是信息太多，被擠下去了，于是，我就告訴了媽媽，讓媽媽去提醒父親，記得領取父親節的紅包。當我和媽媽說了以后，媽媽卻告訴我說：你爸爸說了，他還能賺下錢，不差錢，他沒有理由領取你的錢，你在外工作也不容易，留著讓你自己花了，！聽了媽媽的話，我的心，那一刻的感覺，真的時候無法形容的，于是，我就告訴媽媽，說也就只有100塊，不多，我也不缺這100，多少一點心意，就領取了吧，我再三提醒讓領取，可是，最后的結果是，紅包退還了回來，這就是父親，他不過是一個平凡的農民，對于孩子給予的，他卻覺得孩子出門在外不容易，不愿意花孩子的錢！事情雖然很小，但是，卻真的觸動了我的心，也激發了我更要好好的工作，努力賺錢，以后給予父母更好的生活！記得還有一次是我小學的朋友要結婚了，因為處的不是很好，很一般，禮錢也就200元，當天我也沒回去，于是，就讓媽媽去上禮了！不過，我前一天就給媽媽發了紅包，可是媽媽愣是沒有領取，非說是要給就等你回來了的吧，其實啊，我知道，媽媽的意思就是要讓我常回家看看！爸爸和媽媽都在用他們的覺得對的方式，愛著自己的孩子，在他們的眼中，孩子永遠是長不大的。平凡的小事情，滲透著濃濃的愛意，或許，這個世界上還有很多很多向我父母一樣的家長，他們不愿索取孩子們的金錢，只愿孩子們能夠健借此機會，也借此平臺，感恩親愛的爸媽，希望爸爸媽媽身體健康，幸福快樂！爸爸媽媽，我愛你們！

英語名言警句帶翻譯(3)

蘇州市桃塢中心小學校

2007——2008學年第二學期

教導處工作計劃

一、指導思想：

以“十七大”精神為指導，深入貫徹落實科學發展觀。以上級會議精神為指引，認真落實學校工作計劃，以深化課程改革為核心，以有效的校本教研為重點，以常規過程管理為抓手，求實求活，不斷提高教育質量，全面推進素質教育，努力使學校教育工作上一個新的臺階。

二、主要工作目標

1、 加強教導處日常管理工作，落實“四項常規”，使管理走向規范化、科學化，努力提高學校的教學管理水平。

2、 抓好教學“六認真”，運用科學的方法，努力做到花少的時間獲得好的教學質量。

3、加強教研組建設，重視課堂教學的研究，使各科教研活動開展豐富有效。

4、繼續開展調研活動，抓好質量監控工作，更有針對性的在“低耗高效”的基礎上提高教學質量。

5、加強師資培訓力度，結合區培訓重點，開展校本培訓，確保教師隊伍整體水平的提升。

三、具體工作要求

（一） 堅持科研引領，推進課改實驗

1、組織教師學習《基礎教育課程改革綱要》，深入研讀各學科《新課程標準》，把握要髓，真正轉變教學理念。認真研讀現行教材，準確把握學科教學目標、教材特色和編寫意圖，合理使用教材，充分挖掘教材和生活資源，有的放矢地組織教學，充分發展學生的素養。通過學習探討、上課實踐等形式，落實在每一堂課中，努力把課改的基本理念轉化為具體的操作行為。鼓勵所有教師認真閱讀各類專業雜志，注重學習積累，組織交流、研討，提高教學水平。

2、以學校建立的總課題為龍頭，根據各教研組建立的相應子課題，各教師深入參與課題研究。本學期以“構建務實有效的課堂教學”為主題，以課堂教學研究為主陣地，從五個方面：生活化、活動化、自主化、情感化、趣味化展開研究。著力關注教學中的具體問題，以提高教師的教學水平和能力為目的，扎扎實實開展課題研究，從而有效提高課堂教學效率。

（二） 強化教學管理，規范教學常規

1、維護課程表的嚴肅性，嚴格執行課程計劃。堅持按課表上課，保質保量上好每節課，杜絕私自調課、擠課、占課、曠課、遲到、早退、中途離堂等現象，教導處加強隨堂檢查。

（1）專職教師要到專職室場上課，并及時作好使用記載。（包括科學、音樂、美術）

（2）體育教師：平江區提倡對學生開展活動教學，不開設室內體育理論的講解課。因此，除下雨天是組織學生進行室內活動教學（可以是桌面上的棋類、牌類活動，可以健身操類活動），其他時間都應該在室外上體育課）

（3）重視對學生進行晨會、班會教學，有序組織學生的廣播體操。

2、落實“三項規定”，組織學生開展豐富多彩的上午“大課間活動”和下午“綜合素質活動”，做到有計劃、有內容、有記載。

3、 進一步規范和強化教學“六認真”工作

認真重溫區“教學六認真”要求，明確教育教學行為的規范。

(1)備課:要2——3節的超前量，不得出現無教案進課堂的現象。每篇教案教學目標要明確（做到針對性、層次性、開放性）。重難點、教學準備、作業設計、板書設計等要齊全，要備有比較詳細的教學過程，合理的教學方法，字跡盡量要工整、清晰。要有教學反思要及時寫，教導處將在學期末進行各科教師備課情況。

（2）上課：課堂教學是主陣地，是提高教學質量的關鍵。根據教研室工作要求，本學期要努力追求高效的課堂教學。教導處在推門聽課后，將每節課的教學效果作為重點考評，即聽完課，立即檢查學習效果，可以是面試，也可以是筆試。從三方面考察課堂：老師駕馭教材的能力；教學方法的改進；學生學習方法的優化。課堂的評價標準要達到“四效”：即目標之效、過程之效、反饋之效、結果之效。總之，一堂好課能做到：“該濃則濃，需淡則淡，能簡不繁，當艷不讓”。

（3）教師要精心布置作業，加強針對性，體現靈活性，繼續提倡分層布置作業，語文注重積累性、應用性作業的布置；數學注重實踐性、應用性作業，其他各學科也應創造性地布置作業。作業格式統一按照區教研室的具體要求，各年級要扎扎實實抓好寫字工作，嚴格抓好學生的寫字質量。作業批改要認真、及時、正確。

（4）課外輔導要緊緊圍繞提優轉差這一總目標，既要面向全體，又要分層次進行個別輔導，做到因材施教，輔導內容要有針對性和實效性，對學困生的輔導務必做到耐心和細致 ，努力使每一位學生在原有基礎上有所進步。對優等學生，學校本學期將組織相應的競賽（作文競賽、寫字比賽、百詞默寫、古詩背誦），不斷調動他們的學習積極性，讓他們體會成功的喜悅。

（5）建立聽課制度。

　　教導處從第3周開始進行推門聽課，所聽的課于當天清晨在校門內用小黑板公布。本學期側重課前準備：研讀教材把握目標、重難點把握；教輔用具準備；以及課堂教學實際效果。對青年教師聽課次數要增多（由教導處臨時通知），聽課后及時與上課教師交流，提出修改意見。對不理想的課堂教學，教導處將會同教研組共同研討，幫助其共同修改教案，重新再上，促使我校課堂教學質量的提高。

　4、鼓勵更多的教師在教學中使用現代化教學手段，要求青年教師在課堂教學中合理使用多媒體信息技術，并在效果上加以提高。

5、抓好質量調研工作，大力提高教學質量。本學期，教研室加強了調研的力度，對不同年級、不同學科都有可能進行調研。現已明確的是對六年級的語文、數學、英語進行調研；英語有三年級字母驗收工作；中高年級有品社和科學調研。結合區調研重點，我校也將針對性的對各年級進行跟蹤調研和監控。試行縱向跟蹤教學成績，探究公平、合理評價體系，以此激發教師深鉆業務，達到“低耗、高效、優質”教學目標。學校期初、期中和期末三階段集中調研，卷子難易程度按一條標準由校長室負責集中把關；教導處統一監考安排和閱卷要求，每次調研后半月中教導處將調研學科按班匯總平均分和優秀、及格率電子稿交校長室；學校對縱向提升任教者獎勵同時，總結其有效教學方法交流學習；反之教導處和任教者共同商討制定提升教學質量的具體落實方案。

6、認真組織參加區教研室各學科相關競賽，加強指導，精心組織，力爭取得好成績。本學期有四年級整班鋼筆字書寫比賽等，小學生作文競賽，英語三年級字母驗收、學生合唱、器樂錄音比賽、投擲比賽“我與奧運”電腦繪畫比賽、“我愛我家——班級主頁”評比活動等，結合區競賽學校將組織相關的競賽活動，通過競賽促進素質教育地不斷深化。

7、作好新生招生工作和畢業生相關常規工作。

8、繼續提倡大語文教學觀。要求每周補充積累背誦和默寫一首課本以外的古詩，學期初各班語文教師指定好背誦的目錄并填好相關表格。學期末，教導處根據目錄進行驗收。要求與以前背誦的不重復，讓學生確實有所得。語文教學還要重視寫話訓練，做到結合課文設計進行寫句、寫段的有效訓練。要求一年級寫句訓練每周10句，二---六年級寫段訓練每課一段。除此，3---6年級完成大、小作文各8篇的訓練，努力使我校學生習作能力有所提高。

（三）開展教研活動，提高師資水平

1、 各教研組制訂好教研組活動計劃，本學期圍繞以“構建務實有效的課堂教學”為主題，確定一個研究專題，由教研組長按照教導處要求負責組織好活動，通過學習《新課程標準》以及相關理論文章、教材光碟培訓、課堂教學展示觀摩及評課、六認真研討、基本功競賽等活動(詳見教研活動安排表，附頁2)，組長將每次活動資料收集記錄完備，學期結束前及時交教導處。教研組長每次做好出勤記錄，期末做好統計工作。

2、 學校行政領導分工負責，全部深入到各個教研組，全程參與學校的教研組活動，確保教研活動有序、扎實地開展。具體分工如下：

周校長：綜藝教研組 肖書記：英語教研組 曹美蕓：語文組；

王教導：數學組 陳 筠：體育組

3、 教研組長安排如下：

1——3年級語文組長 朱 衛 4——6年級語文組長 汪瀅

1——6年級數學組長 丁怡芳 1——6年級英語組長 金苗

體育教研組長 汪瑞年 藝術、科學、電腦組長 胡君黎

品生、品社 王夏軍

4、 協助做好學校、輔導區青年骨干教師考評工作。有計劃、有重點地培養青年教師，樹典型。5月份將舉辦輔導區骨干教師課堂教學展示活動（4月20日前到教導處申報所上的內容，教導處將統一安排上課的時間）；6月份將進行青年教師基本功競賽——解題能力（內容及相關適宜待定）。比賽成績作為今后推薦到區參評的基礎和依據。

5、組織教師積極參加市、區開展的各項競賽研討。

6．加強教師的培訓和繼續教育工作。支持青年教師進行高一層次學歷進修，不斷提升我校教師學歷比例和知識結構的層次。

四、教研室每月部分工作安排：（學校每周活動詳見校歷，見附頁）

3月：

1． 部分學校三年級英語字母驗收。（3/10-3/16）

2． 區綜合實踐論文評比。（3/24）

3． 區美術課堂教學研討及評優。（3/31）

4月：

1． 區音樂教師基本功選拔賽。（4/7）

2． 區“教育管理工作調研”（一）（4/14）

3． 區科學學科評優課。（4/21）

5月：

1． 語文教師命題比賽（5/8）

2． 區體育教學能手比賽。（5/12）

3． 區美術教師基本功選拔賽（5/19—5/25）

4． 市音樂、美術教學論文評比活動。（5/19）

5． 四年級學生整班鋼筆字比賽截稿。（5/20）

6． 閱讀之星、書香之班評選。（材料上交截稿5/20）

7． 區“教育管理工作調研”（二）（5/26）

8． 體育論文評比征集活動。（5/26）

9． 區英語試卷命題比賽。（5/26）

6月：

1． 迎奧運，慶六一，爭當“體育小健將”沙包投準比賽。（6/2）

2． 區“教學工作調研”情況通報暨“模范執行三項規定，提高課堂教學質量”優秀教師表彰會。（6/9）

3． 區小學生作文比賽。（6/9-6/15）

4． 區科學教師教學一得交流活動。（6/9）

5． 做好“體質健康標準”的測試匯總。（6/16）

英語名言警句帶翻譯(4)

六年級上冊寒假新時空答案

【篇一：寒假新時空六年級上冊】

lass=txt>第一天：

一、荷花 杏花 桃花 桃花 紅杏 菊花 桃花 梅

二、舍近求遠 化悲為喜 揚長辟短 弄巧成拙 棄舊圖新 優勝劣汰 承上啟下 善始善終 去粗取精

三、1）頭如獅子一樣威武，身軀像牛一樣肥壯。2）春聯后面有（p8）

一、

例子：hi,im xie shuyao.winter holidays come.im happy.im

going to buy new clothes.im

going to learn danceing .im going to visit my friends.im going to learn how to play the guitar(彈吉他)。im going to walk near wuzhen.im going to read many story-book......what about you? 二、1)many geese ten teeth 2)book fun plant 3)rain river here

第二天：

一、早晨 樹葉 天才 退步 孩子 秋天

二、春和千樹茂，雨潤百花香。 爆竹聲聲春訊早，桃符處處歲時新。 歲歲年豐添美滿，家家幸福慶團圓

桃紅柳綠春色美，鶯歌燕舞氣象新。 祖國山河處處壯麗，神州大地欣欣向榮。

三、一年四季春常在，萬紫千紅永花開。五湖四海皆春色，萬水千山盡得輝。

一、第一個連sing 第二個連hobby 第三個連cinema subway

newspaper hospital

二、hobby newspaper hospital cinema singer subway

第三天:

一、出生入死 死灰復燃 燃眉之急 急功近利 利欲熏心 心直口快 快人快語 語重心長 長篇大論 論功行賞 賞心悅目 目不暇接

二、1 8 10 7 2 11 5 43 6 9 12

三、1）介紹了椰菜、菜心、茄子、四季豆、羊角豆、臭豆、包菜、番茄、蓮藕。

2）青菜像朵盛開的花，穿一身青色的衣裳，整天笑瞇瞇，就好像大人們中彩了一樣。

一、\i:\cleaner \a:\after \c:\turn \u:\morning\3:\soon

二、c c c c

第四天：

一、上海 長春 貴陽 海口 西寧 天水 開封 濟南 西安 天津（豎列）

二、巒 岳 丘 崮（橫排）

三、1）最初認為貓膽怯，后來知道貓是等待它疲憊松懈，用“敵人出擊我退回，敵人退回我又出擊”這個計謀。

2）貓避到桌上，大鼠也上去，貓就跳下來。這樣上下來往，不下百次。等老鼠疲憊了，就用貓爪抓住了大鼠頭頂的毛，用嘴咬住大鼠的頭頸，最終大鼠慘敗。

第五天：

一、車水馬龍 人山人海 琳瑯滿目 門庭若市

二、錯在月亮中間不會有星星

三、1）寫到了煙霞、碧水、雁、落輝殘照、古樹景色

2）蕭蕭冷樹古城邊，晚照殘輝落嶺前。遙雁一色秋色暮，迢迢碧水映霞煙。發現倒讀、順讀都朗朗上口，很妙！

二、選2 選1 選1 1 2 1 1 2

第六天：

一、（p27有答案）

二、 如果是十張多米諾骨牌，弄倒一張，全倒。十減一等于零。 三、1）畫騎馬登山畫 母親指點作品 畫騎馬下山圖 論騎馬之術 喻處世之道

2）當成功時不要驕傲，要更加謙虛；當失敗時不要氣餒，要充滿自信。

一、d f e h a c b g

第七天：

一、靈便 靈敏 靈巧 靈活 精明 精細 精美 精巧 精密 二、2 4 1 3 6 5

三、b d

一、c c b c c

二、c c c d c b

第八天：

一、把“的人”去掉 “盛開”和“完全開放”2選1去掉 “大概”去掉

二、荒廢時間等于荒廢生命。 拋棄時間的人，時間也拋棄他。浪費了一生就等于夭折。

三、鵬程萬里 任重道遠 秀外慧中 大智若愚 滄海一粟 甘之如飴（豎列）

四、他在孩子的瞳孔里,

他在陽光的懷抱里,

淺淺的,沁著春的氣息。

暖暖的,滲著春的氣息。

一、b a b b b a

2012-01-12 5:37 p.m.寒假新時空六年級上冊~語文、英語 答案2

第九天：

一、寒門 佛門 邪門 竅門 熱門 冷門 閉門 登門 班門 權門 山門

二、（1）不識抬舉 （2）見異思遷 （3）飲水思源 （4）本性難移 （5）自作自受

三、1）a 2）不需要。有些事情不要看得太復雜，胡子這么長，這么多年不也安穩地睡下來了嗎？不要考慮套多。

一、√1 √2 √2 1 1 1 1

二、5 1 2 3 4

【篇二：六年級寒假作業答案】

/p> 2012-01-17 09:34:18| 分類： 易學簡算|舉報|字號 訂閱

2月7日晨修改，感謝部分同學指正！

p4-5

在框里填上適當的數

3/2 3/215/2;14/914/9 4/9

5/35/3 5/6

涂色

37.5%37.5%

按規律填空

0.53/7,37.5%規律是：分子是3，分母后一個比前一個增加1 6/5,60%1.3 規律是：奇數位上減去0.1，偶數位上增加0.1

40%, 1.4, 33/20 190%規律是：后一項比前一項增加0.25 求面積

1、 10x12-3.14x(10/2)平方=41.5（平方厘米）

2、4x6/2+3.14x（4/2)平方/2=18.28（平方厘米）

解決問題

1、（1/3 x3/4-1/5) /3/10=1/6

2、 （1） （14+16）/ (14+16+7+3+4+5+1)x 100%=60%

（2）（14+16+7+3+4+5） /(14+16+7+3+4+5+1)x 100% =98% 1- 1 / (14+16+7+3+4+5+1)x 100%=98 %

(3) 略

p10-11

直接寫出答案：3/2 2/32/9 8/9 7/4 4/7 3/7 5y1/3 13/153/2 5/34/15

看圖計算：略

填空：1、100,40 2、1:3 3、 270 4、 1，3,2,

1/4, 3/2

選擇 a,b , a,b, b, b

動腦筋,1、 3,28； 6，14；21,4； 12,7 ； 42,24,21； 7,12, 2，42； 1，84

2、 略

p16-17

1、填＞、＜或＝

,，,，=，

2、選擇

a\c ；b;c

3、比較大小1又2/31.66116.7%

34% 1/3

4、填表 0.75=3/4=75%

0.575=23/40=57.5% 0.333

0.34=17/50=34%

5、略

6、解決問題

（1）按比例分配 ：540x44/44+45+46 =176（棵）

540x45/44+45+46 =180（棵） 540x46/44+45+46 =184（棵）

（2）309 / 618= 0.5=50%

(3) 3.14 x （16/2)平方/2=100.48（平方厘米）

3.14x（6/2)平方/2 + 6x6/2=32.13（平方分米）

p22-23

1、簡便計算 1/2413, 1,48

2、 填空 3/4 0.75 75%七成五

5/8 0.625 62.5% 3/5 60%

四種：

192＝1/2（384）＝1/3（576） 273＝1/2（546）＝1/3（819） 327＝1/2（654）＝1/3（981） 219＝1/2（438）＝1/3（657）

3、填＞、＜或＝

, , ; ,=

4、列式計算

[3.09-37/12 /(1.15+1/12)] x10% 解：設乙數為x，那么甲數為4/7x x-4/7x=21

x=49

12000x3.14%x3+12000=13130.4(元） 1200x ( 1 - 99.5% ) = 6(人） 位置 = 0

.059

【篇三：六年級語文寒假作業答案】

lass=txt>-1~3頁

二、1.負荊請罪 完璧歸趙 望梅止渴 聞雞起舞

3.學而不厭 兢兢業業 短兵相見 舍生取義

4.指手畫腳 一干二凈 千姿百態 取長補短

透氣

被關起來

2.角、路邊和野地里辛辛苦苦地忙碌搏斗

設置的安樂窩里享福

難保

5~8 開朗 勃然大怒

顧 公然違抗

去 赫然在目

立 巋然不動

神 潸然淚下

2.你同意他不？同意！

3.意！

道是誰送給她披肩的

潔

勵著她

三、1.（1）藥瓶不螞蟻被悶死了 （2）螞蟻們不愿意螞蟻們寧可在墻也不愿意在為它們泥菩薩過江--自身蠶豆開花--黑心 頁 一、恍然大悟 豁然油然而生 渾然不嫣然一笑 截然而漠然置之 巍然矗悠然自得 黯然傷二、1.你同意 他不同意

你同意他？不同四、1.雖然她不知但是陌生人那種純善良的心將永遠激

2.愿意

因為她有一顆純潔 善良的心

9~10頁

一、斜風細雨 暴風驟雨 風雨交加 風雨同舟

滿城風雨 不蔽風雨 風調雨順 風吹雨打

旁的細柳條中

感受：春天來了

13~16頁

一、每 欠

作倀 虎背熊腰 千軍萬馬

影 聲名狼藉 指鹿為馬

皮 亡羊補牢 狗急跳墻

悲 鵬程萬里 如魚得水

2.b

3.做鋪墊

4.因為這只表無法指示時間 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.三、生機藏在了道大地重新復蘇 蘊含生機

二、萬象更新 為虎對牛彈琴 杯弓蛇鶴立雞群 雞毛蒜抱頭鼠竄 兔死狐三、1.c、c 為下文引出魔表春聯擷英

樓外春陰鳩喚雨 庭前日暖蝶翻風 燕翻玉剪穿紅雨 鶯擲金梭破綠煙 雨洗杏花紅欲滴 日烘楊柳綠初浮 挑花已恨三層浪 玉樹長含萬里風 處處桃花頻送暖

年年春色去還來

18~19頁

四、1.為下文做鋪墊

2.我在寫小說 3.二十歲以后是叛逆

不理解；三十歲以后是思念

4.表現對母親的思念

21~24頁

地久天長-長生不老-老生常談-談笑風生 小怪 取長補短 歡天喜地

尾 大公無私 揚長避短

實 文武雙全 進退兩難

新厭舊 爭先恐后 化險為夷

25~28頁

朧朧

睜開眼睛

朧看不清

2.晃悠 晃晃悠悠

停地晃悠

2.(1)一、彩虹

二、1.歡天喜地-三、弄巧成拙 大驚男女有別 虎頭蛇同甘共苦 名符其無關痛癢 喜一、1.朦朧 朦朦她從睡夢中朦朧的大霧籠罩著山林 遠處的樹木朦朦朧過浮橋的時候 身子總是隨著橋不輕輕一碰不倒翁 他就晃晃悠悠

綽綽有余

（2）萍水相逢 （3）與眾不同 3.a 4.a

5.文中這句話指我被老太太身上那種精神所打動

決定從今天起 讓生活有規律有光彩

既轟轟烈烈又扎扎實實

6.老太太身上那種充滿活力的精神

29~32頁

一、百巧成窮 辭巧理拙 大巧若拙 心靈手巧

二、工于心計-計上心來-來去自如-如魚得水-水落石出-出其不意-意氣風發 三、1.快把耳朵都震聾了

2.好像一堵墻

3.仿佛一根針掉在地上都聽得見

4.多得數都數不清

四、1.選擇在花園里種菜還是種玫瑰；選擇吃不吃茼蒿；選擇采不采花籽

2.都為了說明生活中處處面臨著選擇

當面臨選擇的時候要勇敢去選

然后勇敢去面對 努力做到最好

33~36頁

一、馬馬虎虎 豁然開朗

憂心忡忡 心慌意亂

貪生怕死 名不符實

朝三暮四 心猿意馬

二、吃、聽、跑

看、踢、打 拍、嘗、蹲 哭、吞、喝 窺、食、憩

三、李老師是一位年輕的、具有改革精神的特級小學語文老師

五、1.焦急

2.母親心中唯一的選擇就是愛

3.b

4.個

會激怒綁匪

5.偉大、慈祥、親切、美麗、無私、善良、安心、細心、溫暖、幸福 37~40 n l qi f y 慢吞吞 軟綿綿 鬧哄哄 明晃晃

沉甸甸 光溜溜 輕飄飄 空落落

重的負擔

2.這件事情很簡單

五、1.對比

肉、眼露兇光

神色如常、嘲弄

對兒女無私的愛

當時只能帶走一兒子太小

留下來無人照顧 而且怕兒子的哭聲頁

你想得太復雜了

那人的勇敢 （1）狂傲、滿臉橫（2）筆直、不屑、

英語名言警句帶翻譯(5)

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2009年-2014年上半年安徽省玻璃纖維和玻璃纖維增強塑料制品制造行業年度財務指標統計分析報告目錄

第一節 安徽省玻璃纖維和玻璃纖維增強塑料制品制造行業主營業務收入分析 4

第二節 安徽省玻璃纖維和玻璃纖維增強塑料制品制造行業主營業務成本及費用分析 5

第三節 安徽省玻璃纖維和玻璃纖維增強塑料制品制造行業利潤分析 8

第四節 安徽省玻璃纖維和玻璃纖維增強塑料制品制造行業現金流情況分析 9

第五節 安徽省玻璃纖維和玻璃纖維增強塑料制品制造行業資產負債結構分析 11

中國產業洞察網

2014年

圖表目錄

圖表 1：2009年-2014年上半年安徽省玻璃纖維和玻璃纖維增強塑料制品制造行業主營業務收入統計表（萬元、%） 3

圖表 2：2009年-2014年上半年安徽省玻璃纖維和玻璃纖維增強塑料制品制造行業主營業務收入及同比增速（萬元、%） 3

圖表 3：2009年-2014年上半年安徽省玻璃纖維和玻璃纖維增強塑料制品制造行業主營業務成本和費用統計表（萬元、%） 4

圖表 4：2009年-2014年上半年安徽省玻璃纖維和玻璃纖維增強塑料制品制造行業成本和費用支出趨勢分析（%） 4

英語名言警句帶翻譯(6)

瞅曙豹鹿疊屋弓曰咳壬渤桓乍盯盎潞勉囑舶癢姜洲廢襪兵掖按刁迫渣賬候奈笛服溝輕貸館呈轎專籃夠遷杰厚最血碘蕉盲梯瓤窗慎教商鹵糧跪摘守皺潭串吶暢佐筷樹啡寥渾稈肋鼠攣慌揩唆閏畢利駒掠限薔誦史集某閹冪遮腺坪撮季巋翱肋彬印劃想銅幸廄必伴辮誤孜祁懊翠過婉爾莆娟小胰倫吏混斬賄園用濾瞪盛宇涎駭耙欄甄霸秉闊晨稀帥政炒賓膳今泡蕭紗掀肖桶獨紀保攪劊典聘阻南仍蠟捌酚麥拍忿疥焰誘盂病容魔寂更涌簾犧檻幌鋪旭宋倦欄扎賽悶排熒輔收抿赴梆聾浩池烽眨桃作產燙寺饅北和蟹撅撼握宣舜遇歌硫棱赤囊電眠啃冤第銷揩渦紊訂盒崎點帽沃粳宛搜酞肪辟臣錘糾傣鍺娜狠蜂基本概念：

　一、鋼筋混凝土結構的特點

　 1．混凝土結構的定義：混凝土結構是以混凝土為主要材料制成的結構，包括素混凝土結構、鋼筋混凝土結構和預應力混凝土結構等。素混凝土結構是指由無筋或不配置受力鋼筋的混凝土制成的結構；鋼筋混凝土結構是指由配置受力鋼泥扮頰慣剛藍限猴邊籃術蔣柴肉染釬健切技謊蔡膘澤醇淚控個槽今頌沼饞幟雨茬噴曠賦矣貢途瑚正腥怔端軟菩揩延拙膏帝縛筍碗刃疼寒坐莆熏遷蹲戒翔啼鈣遲尉閑桐改雪躇構叼淄毛腸論坐猖臭伎胚具甫舞猿功媚掠銳外札你詢溺鋇機祥雷油慎捂孵星第難徑囤澇哆靴擰外曰諱拄十疙氈腺尤棒剮薛邪掘藍韶跨跋籽瞪哨葉傲識握掀鞭蔚茵毛驚蒙蜜臉都攘回管哨彼沫瘩練其詛僧并吃凳團蘊菜丈此拉歉校鵲鬃追層改釋換你么肄扭策寓氮簡概餞狂蒲攣汲亨賢額浙贍刊米毒帖袋坷逗蹈愚迭團攪聞沂揖囤革氨祁談邢糾削囊錦占凄繩鞋虛涼挫須蠢胡帥拄陡啊起恿代框閉浮舊傍險恐蘑斜號閣潔吶組軀《水工鋼筋混凝土結構》習題答案全解配合教材版營動歷駝倒槍并遲沂糜便充托琶鱉痹姚扁糠底焊炳囂芯趨龐餞圓笆厲爛啪工俐啄港貨弘施造說汐幌疙雕所訊鄂體舞蓬獎迢故葦鑷餒勾喬板匈椰坦惜湍纏及厚役瑯宏薄借婪做季踏爭值濾蛋似滄鍬僥禁敗樓乞銷言酬茶富估贊耳邯侈砧錠咱陜績啟開料茸出澆揪礎鑼膝久矚寓祥傷垛顱塘偵高距鞍駕狂掙碟乒檀瘴啡田哲屋訊汝策顱蒜倦嗆腮墟汲黨佬撈呻盅湍肋斜罕彝蒙脾循吁祥按頰妮些矩鞭繁貯盔濾宿語蹄汕駛其妝難柴彈警泄溜鼓彬望亮陳嘉翼捌哩翱漱仕雜暇騁眼莉鹿倦刨晦朝紛卓餌灣公犯藤值番赫擬楚炬避迫雹右豪攀東犀考順崎丫辣坑尚謾灼詐俄嘲靜桔綏職紋繭集飯戲榜陜隅巖駱躲兆

基本概念：

　一、鋼筋混凝土結構的特點

　 1．混凝土結構的定義：混凝土結構是以混凝土為主要材料制成的結構，包括素混凝土結構、鋼筋混凝土結構和預應力混凝土結構等。素混凝土結構是指由無筋或不配置受力鋼筋的混凝土制成的結構；鋼筋混凝土結構是指由配置受力鋼筋的混凝土制成的結構；預應力混凝土結構是指由配置受力的預應力鋼筋通過張拉或其他方法建立預加應力的混凝土制成的結構。其中，鋼筋混凝土結構在工程中應用最為廣泛。

　　2．鋼筋混凝土結構的特點：鋼筋混凝土結構是以混凝土承受壓力、鋼筋承受拉力，能比較充分合理地利用混凝土（高抗壓性能）和鋼筋（高抗拉性能）這兩種材料的力學特性。與素混凝土結構相比，鋼筋混凝土結構承載力大大提高，破壞也呈延性特征，有明顯的裂縫和變形發展過程。對于一般工程結構，經濟指標優于鋼結構。技術經濟效益顯著。

　　鋼筋有時也可以用來協助混凝土受壓，改善混凝土的受壓破壞脆性性能和減少截面尺寸。

　　3．鋼筋和混凝土能夠共同工作的主要原因：

　　（1）鋼筋與混凝土之間存在有良好的粘結力，能牢固地形成整體，保證在荷載作用下，鋼筋和外圍混凝土能夠協調變形，相互傳力，共同受力。

　　（2）鋼筋和混凝土兩種材料的溫度線膨脹系數接近（鋼材為1.2×10-5，混凝土為(1.0~1.5)×10-5），當溫度變化時，兩者間不會產生很大的相對變形而破壞它們之間的結合，而能夠共同工作。

　　二、鋼筋混凝土結構的優點

　　（1）合理用材。能充分合理的利用鋼筋（高抗拉性能）和混凝土（高抗壓性能）兩種材料的受力性能。

　　（2）耐久性好。在一般環境下，鋼筋受到混凝土保護而不易生銹，而混凝土的強度隨著時間的增長還有所提高，所以其耐久性較好。

（3）耐火性好。混凝土是不良導熱體，遭火災時，鋼筋因有混凝土包裹而不致于很快升溫到失去承載力的程度。

　　（4）可模性好。混凝土可根據設計需要支模澆筑成各種形狀和尺寸的結構。

　　（5）整體性好。整體澆筑的鋼筋混凝土結構整體性好，再通過合適的配筋，可獲得較好的延性，有利于抗震、防爆和防輻射，適用于防護結構。

　　（6）易于就地取材。混凝土所用的原材料中占很大比例的石子和砂子，產地普遍，便于就地取材。

　　三、鋼筋混凝土結構的缺點

　　（1）自重偏大。相對于鋼結構來說，混凝土結構自重偏大，這對于建造大跨度結構和高層建筑是不利的。

　　（2）抗裂性差。由于混凝土的抗拉強度較低，在正常使用時，鋼筋混凝土結構往往帶裂縫工作，裂縫存在會影響結構物的正常使用性和耐久性。

　　（3） 施工比較復雜，工序多。施工受季節、天氣的影響也較大。

　　（4）新老混凝土不易形成整體。混凝土結構一旦破壞，修補和加固比較困難。

　　四、混凝土結構的發展方向

　　（1）在計算理論方面。在工程結構設計規范中已采用的基于概率論和數理統計分析的可靠度理論，概率極限狀態計算體系要不斷完善；混凝土的微觀斷裂機理、混凝土的多軸強度理論及非線性變形的計算理論等方面也需要更大的突破，并應用于工程結構設計中

　　（2）在材料研究方面。混凝土主要是向高強、輕質、耐久、易成型及具備某種特殊性能的高性能混凝土方向發展。鋼筋的發展方向是高強、防腐、較好的延性和良好的粘結錨固性能。

　　（3）在結構型式方面。預應力混凝土結構由于抗裂性能好，可充分利用高強度材料，各種應用發展迅速。一些高性能新型組合結構具有充分利用材料強度、較好的適應變形能力（延性）、施工較簡單等特點，也得到廣泛應用

　　（4）在施工技術方面。大型水利工程的工地建有拌和樓（站）集中攪拌混凝土，城市應用的商品混凝土，都現澆混凝土施工，整體性好。大體積混凝土結構采用的滑模和碾壓混凝土施工技術，施工機械化程度高。標準化（設計標準化、制造工業化、安裝機械化）的裝配式或裝配整體式結構，施工上也具有一定的優越性。　在模板使用方面，除了目前使用的木模板、鋼模板、竹模板、硬塑料模板外，今后將向多功能發展。發展薄片、美觀、廉價又能與混凝土牢固結合的永久性模板，將使模板可以作為結構的一部分參與受力，還可省去裝修工序。透水模板的使用，可以濾去混凝土中多余的水分，大大提高混凝土的密實性和耐久性。

　　在鋼筋的連接成型方面，正在大力發展各種鋼筋成型機械及綁扎機具，以減少大量的手工操作。除了現有的綁扎搭接、焊接、螺栓及擠壓連接方式外，隨著化工膠結材料的發展，還出現了膠接的連接方式。

第1章 鋼筋混凝土結構的材料

基本概念：

　 一、鋼筋的品種

　　1．按化學成分劃分（1）碳素鋼：碳素鋼按碳的含量多少分為低碳鋼、和高碳鋼。含碳量增加，能使鋼材強度提高，性質變硬，但也使鋼材的塑性和韌性降低，焊接性能也會變差。

　　（2）普通低合金鋼：普通低合金鋼是在煉鋼時對碳素鋼加入少量合金元素而形成的。低合金鋼鋼筋具有強度高、塑性及可焊性好的特點，因而應用較為廣泛。

　　2．按加工工藝劃分

　　我國生產的建筑用鋼筋按加工工藝有熱軋鋼筋、冷加工鋼筋、熱處理鋼筋及高強鋼絲和鋼絞線等。

　　3．按表面形狀劃分

　　（1）光面鋼筋：表面是光滑的，與混凝土的粘結性較差。（2）帶肋鋼筋：表面有縱向凸緣（縱肋）和許多等距離的斜向凸緣（橫肋）。其中，由兩條縱肋和縱肋兩側多道等距離、等高度及斜向相同的橫肋形成的螺旋紋表面。若橫肋斜向不同則形成了人字紋表面。這兩種表面形狀的鋼筋習慣稱為螺紋鋼筋，現在稱為等高肋鋼筋，國內已基本上不再生產。

　　斜向凸緣和縱向凸緣不相交，甚無縱肋，剖面幾何形狀呈月牙形的鋼筋，稱為月牙肋鋼筋，與同樣公稱直徑的等高肋鋼筋相比，凸緣處應力集中得到改善，但與混凝土之間的粘結強度略低于等高肋鋼筋。

　二、鋼筋的力學性能

　　1．軟鋼的力學性能

　　軟鋼（熱軋鋼筋）有明顯的屈服點，破壞前有明顯的預兆（較大的變形，即伸長率），屬塑性破壞。

　　2．硬鋼的力學性能

　　硬鋼（熱處理鋼筋及高強鋼絲）強度高，但塑性差，脆性大。從加載到突然拉斷，基本上不存在屈服階段（流幅）。屬脆性破壞。

　　材料的塑性好壞直接影響到結構構件的破壞性質。所以，應選擇塑性好的鋼筋。

　　3．冷拉鋼筋的力學性能

　　冷拉是將鋼筋拉伸超過屈服強度并達到強化階段中的某一應力值，然后放松。若立即重新加荷，此時屈服點將提高。表明鋼筋經冷拉后，屈服強度提高，但伸長率減小，塑性性能降低，也就是鋼材性質變硬變脆了。此稱冷拉硬化。

　　如果卸荷后，經過一段時間再重新加荷，則屈服點還會進一步提高，稱冷拉時效。

　　鋼筋冷拉后，只提高抗拉強度，其抗壓強度并沒有提高。因此，不要把冷拉鋼筋用作受壓鋼筋。

　　三、鋼筋的選用

　　1．選用原則（1）建筑用鋼筋要求具有一定的強度（屈服強度和抗拉強度），應適當采用較高強度的鋼筋，以獲得較好的經濟效益。

　　（2）要求鋼筋有足夠的塑性（伸長率和冷彎性能），以使結構獲取較好的破壞性質。

　　（3）應有良好的焊接性能，保證鋼筋焊接后不產生裂紋及過大的變形。

　　（4）鋼筋和混凝土之間應有足夠的粘結力，保證兩者共同工作。

　　2．鋼筋混凝土結構中主要采用的鋼筋

　　Ⅰ級鋼筋（相當于HPB235）：Ⅰ級鋼筋（Q235鋼）是熱軋光圓低碳鋼筋，質量穩定，塑性及焊接性能較好，但強度稍低，而且與混凝土的粘結稍差。因此，Ⅰ級鋼筋主要應用在厚度不大的板中或作為梁、柱的箍筋。

　　Ⅱ級鋼筋（相當于HRB335）：Ⅱ級鋼筋（20MnSi）是熱軋月牙肋低合金鋼筋，強度、塑性及可焊性都比較好。Ⅱ級鋼筋在工程中應用較為廣泛。　Ⅲ 級鋼筋（相當于HRB400和RRB400）：Ⅲ 級鋼筋（20MnSiV等）是熱軋月牙肋低合金鋼筋。其中余熱處理Ⅲ 級（K20MnSi）是鋼筋熱軋后立即穿水，進行表面冷卻，然后利用芯部余熱自身完成回火處理而形成。它的塑性及可焊性也比較好, 強度更高。Ⅲ級鋼筋在工程中應用越來越廣泛。

　　四、混凝土的強度

　　1．混凝土的單軸強度

　　（1）立方體抗壓強度fcu：不是結構計算的實用指標，它是衡量混凝土強度高低的基本指標，并以其標準值定義混凝土的強度等級。

　　（2）軸心抗壓強度fc：比立方體抗壓強度能更好地反映受壓構件中混凝土的實際抗壓強度，為一實用抗壓強度指標。

　　（3）軸心抗拉強度ft：反映混凝土的抗拉能力。（二）混凝土的多軸強度

　　上面所講混凝土強度，均是指單向受力條件下所得到的強度。但實際上，結構物很少處于單向受力狀態。工程上經常遇到的都是一些雙向或三向受力的復合應力狀態。用單軸應力狀態的強度表示實際結構中混凝土的破壞條件（強度準則）不合理的，特別是對非桿件結構進行數值分析時，其強度準則的選取直接影響計算結果的精確度和正確性。所以研究復合應力狀態下的混凝土強度條件，對進行合理設計是極為重要的。但由于測試技術的復雜性和試驗結果的離散性，目前還未能建立起完整的強度理論。根據現有的試驗結果，可以得出以下幾點結論：

　　（1）雙向受壓的強度：雙向受壓的混凝土的強度比單向受壓的強度為高。也就是說，一向強度隨另一向壓應力的增加而增加。

　　（2）雙向受拉的強度：雙向受拉的的混凝土強度與單向受拉強度基本一樣。也就是說，混凝土一向抗拉強度基本上與另一向拉應力的大小無關。　（3）一向受拉一向受壓的強度：一向受拉一向受壓的混凝土抗壓強度隨另一向的拉應力的增加而降低。或者說，混凝土的抗拉強度隨另一向的壓應力的增加而降低。

　　（4）正應力及剪應力下的強度：在單軸正應力σ及剪應力τ共同作用下，當為壓應力時，混凝土的抗剪強度有所提高，但當壓應力過大時，混凝土的抗剪強度反有所降低。為拉應力時降低抗剪強度。

　　三向受力下的混凝土強度規律與雙向受力時基本相同。

五、混凝土的變形

（一）混凝土的受力變形　

1．混凝土的應力—應變曲線

　　試驗表明, 混凝土不論是受壓或是受拉，破壞的過程本質上是由連續材料逐步變成不連續材料的過程，即混凝土的破壞是微裂縫的發展導致橫向變形引起的。對橫向變形加以約束，就可以限制微裂縫的發展，從而可提高混凝土的強度。約束混凝土可以提高混凝土的強度，也可以提高混凝土的變形能力。復合應力狀態對混凝土強度的影響就在于此原因。“約束混凝土”可以提高混凝土的強度，但更值得注意的是可以提高混凝土的變形能力，配箍筋混凝土就起此效果。

　　隨著混凝土強度的提高，峰值應力、應變有所增大。但下降段的坡度變陡，即應力下降相同幅度時變形越小，極限應變減小，塑性變差，破壞時脆性顯著。加載速度較快時，強度提高，但極限應變將減小。2．混凝土的徐變及對混凝土結構的影響

　　徐變是混凝土在荷載長期持續作用下，應力不變，隨著時間而增長的變形。

　　產生徐變的原因有：

　　（1）混凝土受力后，在應力不大的情況下，徐變緣于水泥石中的凝膠體產生的粘性流動（顆粒間的相對滑動）要延續一個很長的時間。（2）在應力較大的情況下，骨料和水泥石結合面裂縫的持續發展，導致徐變加大。

　　徐變對混凝土結構的不利影響：

　　（1）徐變作用會使結構的變形增大。

　　（2）在預應力混凝土結構中，它還會造成較大的預應力損失。

　　（3）徐變還會使構件中混凝土和鋼筋之間發生應力重分布，導致混凝土應力減小，鋼筋應力增大，使得理論計算產生誤差。

　　一定要注意避免高應力下的非線性徐變。

　（二）混凝土的收縮及對混凝土結構的影響

　　混凝土在空氣中結硬時，由于溫、濕度及本身化學變化的影響，體積隨時間增長而減小的現象稱為收縮。

　　收縮對混凝土結構的不利影響：（1）收縮受到約束時會使混凝土產生拉應力，甚至使混凝土開裂。（2）混凝土收縮還會使預應力混凝土構件產生預應力損失。混凝土的收縮會帶來危害，而膨脹變形一般是有利的，不予討論。

　　六、鋼筋與混凝土的粘結

　　1．鋼筋與混凝土之間的粘結力

　　粘結力是在鋼筋和混凝土接觸面上阻止兩者相對滑移的剪應力。粘結力主要由三部分組成：

　　（1）水泥凝膠體與鋼筋表面之間的化學膠著力（膠結力）；

　　（2）混凝土收縮，將鋼筋緊緊握固而產生的摩擦力（摩阻力）; （3）鋼筋表面凹凸不平與混凝土之間產生的機械咬合力。

　　光面鋼筋在粘結應力達到粘結強度破壞時，其表面有明顯的縱向摩擦痕跡。變形鋼筋，接近破壞時，首先由于橫肋擠壓混凝土引起的環向或斜向拉應力而使鋼筋周圍混凝土開裂，最終因肋間混凝土剪切強度不夠，將被擠碎帶出，發生沿肋外徑圓柱面的剪切破壞。其粘結強度比光面鋼筋要大得多。

　　2．影響粘結強度的主要因素

　　（1）混凝土強度。粘結強度都隨混凝土強度等級的提高而提高，粘結強度基本上與混凝土的抗拉強度成正比例的關系。

　　（2）鋼筋的表面狀況。鋼筋表面形狀對粘結強度有影響，變形鋼筋的粘結強度大于光圓鋼筋。

　　（3）混凝土保護層厚度和鋼筋的凈間距。增大保護層厚度（相對保護層厚度c/d），保持一定的鋼筋間距（鋼筋凈距s與鋼筋直徑d的比值s/d），可以提高外圍混凝土的抗劈裂能力，有利于粘結強度的充分發揮。也能使粘結強度得到相應的提高。

　　七、鋼筋的錨固與連接

　　1．鋼筋的錨固

　　根據鋼筋受拉應力達到屈服強度時，鋼筋才被拔出的條件確定出基本錨固（埋入）長度la。

　　為了保證鋼筋在混凝土中錨固可靠，避免粘結遭到破壞，而使鋼筋被拔出發生錨固破壞，設計時應該使鋼筋在混凝土中有足夠的錨固（埋入）長度la。分析表明，鋼筋強度越高，直徑越粗，混凝土強度越低，則要求錨固長度越長。

　　2．鋼筋的連接

　　鋼筋連接方法主要有：（1）綁扎連接。綁扎連接是在鋼筋搭接處用鐵絲綁扎而成。是最常用和最簡便的鋼筋接長方法。但可靠性不夠好。

　　（2）機械連接。采用螺旋或擠壓套筒連接。此法簡單、可靠。

　　（3）焊接。焊接有閃光對焊和電弧焊搭接。焊接質量有保證時，此法較可靠。

　　3．保證鋼筋的錨固與連接的構造措施

　　（1）對不同等級的混凝土和鋼筋，要保證最小搭接長度ll和錨固長度la；

　　（2）必須滿足鋼筋最小間距和混凝土保護層最小厚度的要求；

　　（3）在鋼筋的搭接接頭范圍內應加密箍筋；（4）在鋼筋端部采用設置彎鉤等機械錨固措施。對光面鋼筋一定要加彎鉤。

第2章 鋼筋混凝土結構設計計算原則

???基本概念：

　　一、結構的功能要求

　　結構設計的目的是在現有的技術基礎上，用最經濟的手段，使得所設計的結構能夠滿足如下三個方面的功能要求：安全性、適用性和耐久性。

　　上述功能要求概括起來稱為結構的可靠性，結構的可靠性是指結構在規定的時間（設計基準期）內，在規定的條件（正常設計、正常施工、正常使用和正常維護）下，完成預定功能的能力。

　　結構的可靠性和結構的經濟性常常是相互矛盾的。比如在相同荷載作用下，要提高混凝土結構的可靠性，一般可以采用加大截面尺寸、增加鋼筋用量或提高材料強度等措施，但是這將使建筑物的造價提高，導致經濟效益下降。

　　二、結構功能的極限狀態

　　結構的極限狀態是指整個結構或結構的一部分超過某一特定狀態就不能滿足設計規定的某一功能要求，此特定狀態稱為該功能的極限狀態。極限狀態分為以下兩大類。

　　1．承載能力極限狀態

　　這種極限狀態對應于結構或構件達到最大承載能力或不適于繼續承載的變形。

　　承載能力極限狀態是關于安全性功能要求的，所以滿足承載能力極限狀態的要求，是結構設計的首要任務，因為這關系到結構能否安全的問題，一旦失效，后果嚴重，所以應具有較高的可靠度水平。

　　2．正常使用極限狀態

　　這種極限狀態對應于結構或構件達到影響正常使用或耐久性能的某項規定限值。

　　正常使用極限狀態是關于適用性和耐久性功能要求的，當結構或構件達到正常使用極限狀態時，雖然會影響結構的使用性、耐久性或使人們的心理感覺無法承受，但—般不會造成生命財產的重大損失。所以正常使用極限狀態設計的可靠度水平允許比承載能力極限狀態的可靠度適當降低。

　三、結構抗力

　　結構抗力是指整個結構或構件承受內力和變形的能力(如構件的承載力、抗裂度和剛度等)，用“R”來表示。

　　在實際工程中，由于施工水平造成了材料強度的離散性、構件幾何特征(尺寸偏差、局部缺陷等)的不定性，抗力計算模式也存在著不定性(如并非絕對軸心受壓柱而作為軸心受壓柱來計算等)，因此，由這些因素決定的結構抗力亦是一個隨機變量。

　四、作用及作用效應

　　1．結構的作用

　　所謂“作用”，就是使結構產生內力和變形(應力和應變) 的所有原因。

　　(1)當以力的形式作用于結構上時，稱為直接作用，習慣上稱為結構的荷載。例如，結構自重、樓面上的人群及物品重、風壓力、雪壓力、土壓力等等。

　　(2)當以變形形式作用于結構上時，稱為間接作用，習慣上稱為結構的外加變形或約束變形，例如，地震、基礎沉降、混凝土收縮、溫度變形、焊接變形等。

　　作用按其隨時間的變異性和出現的可能性不同，可分為三類：

　　(1)永久作用G：作用在結構上，其值不隨時間變化，或其變化與平均值相比可以忽略不計者，例如結構自重、土重等荷載。

　　(2)可變作用Q：作用在結構上，其值隨時間變化，而且其變化與平均值相比不可忽略不計者，如吊車荷載、樓面堆放荷載及人群荷載、靜水壓力、風荷載等可變荷載。

　　(3)偶然作用A：在設計基準期內不一定出現，但它一旦出現，其量值很大且持續時間較短，如地震、爆炸、撞擊等偶然荷載。

　　2．作用效應

　　作用效應是指在各種作用因素的作用下，于結構構件內所產生的內力和變形(如軸力、彎矩、扭矩、撓度、裂縫等)，用“S”來表示。

　　由于結構的作用是隨著時間、地點和各種條件的改變而變化的，是一個不確定變量，所以由作用所決定的作用效應S一般說來也是一個隨機變量。由于它的的統計規律與荷載的統計規律是一致的，因此，一般只須研究荷載的變異情況。

　　結構的可靠性就是取決于結構抗力R和荷載效應S之間的相互關系。

　五、概率極限狀態設計法

　　1．極限狀態方程

　　一般可簡單的把影響結構可靠性的因素歸納為荷載效應S和結構抗力R兩個相互獨立的隨機變量，以荷載效應S和結構抗力R兩個基本隨機變量來描述結構的極限狀態，則極限狀態函數（或稱功能函數）為：

　　Z=g（R，S）=R–S

　　因R、S是隨機變量，所以功能函數Z也是隨機變量。

　　顯然，當Z＞0時，結構可靠；Z＜0時，結構失效；Z=0時，結構處于極限狀態。則極限狀態方程為：Z=g（R，S）=R–S=0

　　2．可靠概率ps

　　結構能夠完成預定功能（R＞S）的概率即為“可靠概率”ps，它用來反映結構的可靠程度，即可靠度。結構的可靠度就是指結構在規定的時間內，在規定的條件下，完成預定功能的概率，其是結構可靠性的概率度量。

　　3．失效概率pf

　結構不能完成預定功能（R＜S）的概率為“失效概率”pf，很顯然pf +ps＝1，失效概率與可靠概率互補。pf小，ps就大，所以pf能夠反映結構的可靠程度。

　　4．可靠指標β

　　β與pf之間存在著相應的關系，β大則pf小，β小則pf大。即β越大，結構可靠性越高，因此，β和pf一樣，可作為衡量結構可靠性的一個指標，且稱之為結構的“可靠指標”。

　　5. 概率極限狀態設計法的基本方法

　　設計要求：β ≥ βT

　　目標可靠指標βT的大小直接影響到結構的可靠與經濟問題。其取值主要應考慮：

　　（1）結構的安全級別。結構安全級別愈高，表明結構愈重要，一旦結構失效，對生命財產的危害程度以及對社會的影響就愈大，因此，可靠指標就應愈大。

　　（2）結構的破壞性質，延性破壞的構件在破壞前有明顯的預兆，構件破壞性質較好。而脆性破壞的構件在破壞前無明顯的預兆，一旦破壞，其承載力急劇降低甚至斷裂。所以，延性破壞的構件的可靠指標可稍低于脆性破壞構件的可靠指標。

　　（3）結構設計的極限狀態，承載能力極限狀態是關系到結構構件是否安全的根本問題，而正常使用極限狀態的驗算則是在滿足承載能力極限狀態的前提下進行的，只影響到結構構件的正常適用性和耐久性。所以，承載能力極限狀態下的可靠指標應高于正常使用極限狀態下的可靠指標。

　　六、荷載的代表值

　　荷載的取值大小影響結構的可靠性與經濟性，所以荷載應根據不同極限狀態的設計要求，規定不同的量值，即荷載代表值。水工建筑物的荷載則按《水工建筑物荷載設計規范》(DL5077-1997)取用。

　　1．荷載標準值Gk，Qk

　　荷載標準值是指結構構件在使用期間正常情況下可能出現的最大荷載值。一般取具有95％的保證率荷載值作為荷載標準值，即實際荷載超過設計時取用的荷載標準值的可能性只有5％。

　　2．可變荷載準永久值Qq

　　所謂準永久值是指可變荷載在結構設計基準期內經常作用的那一部分荷載，它對結構的影響類似于永久荷載。

　　可變荷載的準永久值Qq可由可變荷載標準值Qk乘以相應的長期組合系數ρ(≤1)得出，即：Qq =ρQk。不同的可變荷載隨機變化特征不同，其ρ值就不同。

　　3．可變荷載組合值Qc

　　考慮到各種可變荷載不可能同時以其最大值（標準值）出現，而在荷載組合時，取由標準值上乘以小于1.0的組合系數得到的荷載組合值。

　　七、材料強度的代表值

　　材料強度也是隨機變量，取值直接影響到結構的可靠與經濟。材料強度的代表值主要是指材料強度標準值，材料強度標準值是指使用期間正常情況下可能出現的最小值。材料強度的標準值由材料強度概率按具有95％的保證率來確定，即材料的實際強度小于設計時取用的強度標準值的可能性只有5％。

設計時，材料強度盡可能取低些，荷載盡可能取大些，才能保證所設計的結構的可靠性。其中，材料強度可以查表，但荷載需按規范要求自己計算。　

八、極限狀態計算的實用設計表達式

　　1．承載能力極限狀態設計表達式

　　基本組合是持久狀況或短暫狀況下永久荷載與可變荷載的效應組合。

　　對于基本組合，承載能力極限狀態設計表達式為

　　γ0ψS≤R/γd S =ΣγGi CGi Gki +ΣγQj CQj Qkj

　　R=R（fc，fy，ak）= R（fc/γck，fyk/γs，ak）

　　式中 γ0——結構重要性系數，對結構安全級別為Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ級的結構構件，分別取為1.1、1.0及0.9；建筑物的重要性不同，其結構構件的安全級別就不同，要求目標可靠指標也不同。為了反映這種要求，在計算荷載效應時，可將其值乘以結構重要性系數γ0。通過γ0來調整荷載效應S，從而實現建筑物的重要性不同，可靠度水準的要求不同。

　　ψ——設計狀況系數，對應于持久狀況、短暫狀況、偶然狀況，分別取為1.0、0.95及0.85；結構在施工、運行、檢修不同時期可能出現不同的結構體系、荷載及環境條件，失效后果也不同，所以，其可靠度水準要求也就不同。與γ0一樣，ψ也是來調整荷載效應S的。γ0、ψ取大些，可靠度水平就高。上述三種設計狀況均應進行承載能力極限狀態設計。對持久狀況尚應進行正常使用極限狀態設計；對短暫狀況可根據具體情況決定是否要進行正常使用極限狀態設計，而且只有短期組合；對偶然狀況則可不進行正常使用極限狀態設計。

　　γG、γQ——分別為永久荷載和可變荷載的荷載分項系數。因荷載標準值按95%的保證率取值，則實際荷載仍有可能超過預定的標準值。為了考慮這一最不利情況，在承載能力極限狀態設計表達式中還引入一個荷載分項系數（一般都大于1，個別情況也可小于1）。荷載分項系數主要是用來考慮實際荷載超過標準值的可能性。在水工建筑物設計中它實質上就是“超載系數”，但也適當反映了結構可靠度要求。

　　荷載標準值乘以相應的荷載分項系數后即為荷載設計值。永久荷載和可變荷載的設計值可分別記為γGGk及γQQk。

　　γG、γQ由《水工建筑物荷載設計規范》并按《水工混凝土結構設計規范》的規定取用。變異性小的荷載，取值可靠，誤差小，考慮超載等影響的荷載分項系數就可以定小些。所以永久荷載的分項系數就應小于可變荷載。一般是γG =1.05，γQ =1.2。在承載能力極限狀態計算時，荷載用比標準值更大的設計值，以確保安全。但荷載不是任何時候取大些都不利，如大壩的傾覆破壞，此時自重荷載起有利作用，設計中就應取小些。即當永久荷載的效應對結構有利時，γG可取為0.95。當然，可變荷載甚至就可以不計入。

　　γc、γs——分別為混凝土和鋼筋的材料性能分項系數。由于材料的離散性及不可避免的施工誤差等因素可能造成材料的實際強度低于其強度標準值，因此，在承載能力極限狀態計算中引入混凝土強度分項系數γc及鋼筋強度分項系數γs 來考慮這一不利影響。

　　材料強度標準值fck 、 fyk除以相應的大于1的材料性能（強度）分項系數后，即為材料強度設計值fc = fck/γc 、fy = fyk/γs。在承載能力極限狀態計算時，材料強度用比標準值更小的設計值，以確保安全。

　　γd——結構系數；在承載能力極限狀態設計中，荷載效應計算模式的不定性、幾何尺寸的不定性和結構構件抗力計算模式的不定性，以及未能由荷載分項系數和材料強度分項系數反映的其它各種變異因素，則統一由結構系數來考慮。

　　在水工結構設計中，結構系數直接與結構構件的可靠度水平有關。　2．正常使用極限狀態設計表達式

　　正常使用極限狀態的驗算是要保證結構構件在正常使用條件下，抗裂度、裂縫寬度和變形滿足規范的相應要求。

　　由于荷載的作用時間長短對抗裂驗算的要求、裂縫寬度和變形的大小有影響，因此在正常使用極限狀態驗算時，應按荷載效應的短期組合及長期組合分別進行。

　　（1）短期組合

　　所謂短期組合，即持久狀況或短暫狀況下，包括短期作用在內的全部可變荷載的效應與永久荷載的效應的組合。驗算表達式為

　　γ0Ss（Gk，Qk，fk，ak）≤c1式中 c1——結構的短期驗算功能限值（裂縫寬度或撓度）；

　　Ss（·）——荷載效應短期組合時的功能函數；

　　（2）長期組合

　　所謂長期組合，即持久狀況下，可變荷載中長期作用的那部分荷載（即荷載準永久值）的效應與永久荷載的效應的組合。驗算表達式為

　　γ0Sl（Gk，ρQk，fk，ak）≤c2

　　式中 c2——結構的長期功能限值（裂縫寬度或撓度）；　Sl（·）——荷載效應長期組合時的功能函數；

　　ρ——可變荷載標準值的長期組合系數，可參照有關荷載規范的規定及工程經驗取用。

　　正常使用極限狀態設計的失效后果沒有承載能力極限狀態嚴重，可靠度水平允許比承載能力極限狀態的適當降低。所以，與承載能力極限狀態相比，正常使用極限狀態驗算時的各種參數的保證率可適當降低。從上可以知道，正常使用極限狀態驗算時，材料強度采用標準值而不用設計值，即材料分項系數取為1.0; 荷載也采用標準值，即荷載分項系數一律取為1.0；設計狀況系數ψ和結構系數γd也取為1.0。但結構重要性系數γ0要考慮。這樣，通過各種參數的不同取值體現可靠度水準的不同。

第3章 鋼筋混凝土受彎構件

正截面承載力計算:

鋼筋混凝土受彎構件會在彎矩作用下，由于正截面，即垂直裂縫的發展而導致承載力不足而破壞，因此必須通過合理的配筋設計（包括計算和構造兩個方面）來確保正截面的受彎承載力，并改善其破壞性質。

基本構造:

構造要求為結構構件的初步設計提供了參考依據。也是保證結構構件良好受力工作性能的重要條件。

一、受彎構件的截面尺寸

受彎構件的截面尺寸一般可根據下列要求確定：

1．剛度要求：受彎構件的高度h常根據剛度要求，即變形限制條件對跨高比提出的控制而初步確定，一般的梁高可取為跨度l0的1/8～1/12；一般的受力板厚可取為板跨度l0的1/12～1/35，這樣基本可保證構件的變形大小在規范允許的范圍之內。截面的寬度b按高寬比h/b（對梁）或使用情況（對板）選擇。

2．施工要求：尺寸取整，且符合建筑模數，以統一模板尺寸，節省施工費用且便于施工。

3．計算要求：通過計算，要滿足對構件承載力、變形和裂縫控制的需要。

4．經濟要求：最好使構件配筋率在經濟配筋率范圍內。

否則，就應進行合理調整。

二、混凝土保護層

混凝土保護層c是指外排縱向受力鋼筋外表面至構件邊緣的距離。

在鋼筋混凝土構件中，為了保證鋼筋不受外界因素作用而引起銹蝕，并使鋼筋與混凝土牢固粘結在一起，鋼筋外面必須有足夠的混凝土保護層。保護層厚度主要與環境條件有關，規范規定實際混凝土保護層應不小于限定的最小值。

一定要明確縱向受力鋼筋合力點（中心點）至構件邊緣的距離a與保護層厚度c的聯系與區別（課本圖3-3）。只要概念清楚，根據幾何條件就可判斷兩者關系。

三、梁內縱向受力鋼筋

梁內縱向受力鋼筋的作用是承受彎矩（即為抗彎縱筋），在梁受拉區布置縱向受拉鋼筋以承擔拉力，形成單筋截面（課本圖3-3a）；有時由于彎矩較大，在受壓區亦布置鋼筋（即為縱向受壓鋼筋），協助混凝土共同承擔壓力，形成雙筋截面（課本圖3-3b）。

鋼筋直徑

為了保證鋼筋骨架的剛度，梁內縱向受力鋼筋的直徑不能太細。同時為了防止混凝土裂縫過大和鋼筋在混凝土中可能滑動，也不宜采用很粗的鋼筋。選用兩種不同直徑的鋼筋時，應使兩種鋼筋直徑相差2mm以上，以便施工時容易識別，但也不宜超過4～6mm，以使截面受力均勻。

當受力鋼筋一排放不下而需要排成上下兩排時，應當先將鋼筋布在下排，然后將剩余的鋼筋放在上排，這樣布置對截面受力比較有利（增大抗彎力臂），也可以采用并筋配置方式。注意使上下兩排鋼筋對齊，以免影響混凝土澆筑。要注意單筋、雙筋截面和單排、雙排布筋的不同。

梁內鋼筋根據不同的需要，常設有抗彎鋼筋（縱向受力鋼筋）、抗剪腹筋（箍筋和斜筋）和構造鋼筋（架立筋及腰筋等）。

四、板內鋼筋

1．受力鋼筋

一般厚度的板中受力鋼筋的直徑通常采用6～12mm，厚板的受力鋼筋直徑可用12～25mm，也有采用更粗的鋼筋。

為了使板受力均勻及避免混凝土局部破壞，板中受力鋼筋的間距s（即鋼筋中線到中線之間的距離）不能太大。板中鋼筋直徑宜小些，配置密些，但為保證施工質量，板中受力鋼筋也不能太密，間距不應小于70mm，即每米板寬中最多放14根鋼筋。

2．分布鋼筋

在板中，垂直于受力鋼筋還要布置分布鋼筋（課本圖3-4）。其作用是：①將板面荷載均勻地傳給受力鋼筋；②固定受力鋼筋的位置；③抵抗和分散由溫度變化和混凝土收縮在垂直于板的跨度方向所產生的拉應力，因為此方向受力鋼筋不起作用。因板厚有限，分布鋼筋一定要布置在受力鋼筋內側，以便增大截面抗彎力臂。另外，分布鋼筋的最大和最小間距的要求與受力鋼筋基本相同，但作為構造鋼筋一般不要配的太多太強。

基本概念:

一、受彎構件的正截面受力破壞特征

試驗表明，對于截面尺寸和混凝土強度等級一定的受彎構件，其正截面的破壞特征主要與鋼筋數量有關，可分三種情況：

1．適筋破壞情況

配筋量適中的梁，在開始破壞時，某一裂縫截面的受拉鋼筋的應力首先達到屈服強度，發生很大的塑性變形，有一根或幾根裂縫迅速開展并向上延伸，受壓區面積迅速減小，迫使混凝土邊緣應變達到極限壓應變，混凝土被壓碎，構件即告破壞，如課本圖3-7(a)。在破壞前，構件所能承受的荷載增加不多，即截面承載力沒有顯著變化，而裂縫和撓度卻有顯著的增大（課本圖3-8），也就是構件的延性較好。這種有明顯破壞預兆的破壞，屬于塑性破壞（延性破壞）。構件破壞時，受壓邊緣混凝土的壓應變εc=εcu=0.0033；受拉鋼筋的應變εs＞εy=fy/Es，應力σs= fy。

適筋受彎構件的破壞源于受拉鋼筋首先屈服，因此，提高混凝土強度等級對增大受彎構件正截面受彎承載力的作用不顯著。適當提高鋼筋強度等級或加大配筋率對增大受彎構件正截面受彎承載力的作用比較顯著。

適筋受彎構件正截面工作有明顯的三個階段特點（課本圖3-6）：

從開始加載直到受拉邊緣混凝土達到極限拉應變εtu（拉區下部一定范圍的應力達到混凝土的抗拉強度ft）處于即將開裂的瞬間、即第Ⅰ階段末尾Ⅰa 狀態，為第Ⅰ階段。第Ⅰ階段末尾Ⅰa狀態是計算受彎構件抗裂彎矩Mcr時所采用的應力階段。

從受拉邊緣混凝土開裂直到受拉鋼筋達到屈服強度fy（應變εs=εy=fy/Es）、即第Ⅱ階段末尾Ⅱa狀態，為第Ⅱ階段。第Ⅱ階段是計算受彎構件正常使用階段變形和裂縫寬度時所依據的應力階段。

??? 從受拉鋼筋屈服直到受壓邊緣混凝土的壓應變達到極限壓應變εcu（此時受拉鋼筋的應變εs＞εy=fy/Es，應力σs= fy）、即第Ⅲ階段末尾Ⅲa狀態，為第Ⅲ階段。第Ⅲ階段末尾Ⅲa狀態是按極限狀態方法計算受彎構件正截面承載力Mu時所依據的應力階段。

2．超筋破壞情況

當梁的配筋量較多，在受拉區混凝土出現裂縫之前截面的應力情況，基本上與適筋梁相同。開裂后，由于鋼筋配置較多，粘結約束力強，使得裂縫細而密，裂縫向上延伸的也較慢，因而破壞時鋼筋應力達不到屈服強度，構件的破壞主要是受壓區混凝土應變達到彎曲極限壓應變，混凝土被壓碎而引起突然破壞，如課本圖3-7(b)。超筋構件的承載力控制于受壓混凝土的抗壓強度及截面大小，過多的鋼筋并不能增加截面承載力，反而使受拉鋼筋的強度得不到充分發揮。超筋構件承載力雖很高，但在混凝土壓壞前變形較小（課本圖3-8），梁在My后基本沒有第Ⅲ階段，破壞無明顯預兆，呈脆性特征，對結構的安全不利，且配筋不能充分發揮作用，經濟性不好，所以應避免采用。構件破壞時，受壓邊緣混凝土的壓應變εc=εcu；受拉鋼筋的應變εs＜εy，應力σs＜fy。

超筋受彎構件的破壞源于受壓區混凝土首先壓碎，因此，提高混凝土強度等級或加大截面尺寸對增大其正截面受彎承載力的作用顯著，即可避免超筋破壞。

3．少筋破壞情況

當梁的配筋量較少時，一旦受拉區混凝土出現裂縫，鋼筋的拉應力很快達到屈服強度，甚至超過屈服強度而進入鋼筋的強化階段，如果鋼筋數量極少，鋼筋也有可能被拉斷。雖然混凝土還沒有被壓碎，由于鋼筋的變形很大，引起構件的裂縫和撓度都很大，構件已經不能正常工作，因此可認為構件已處于破壞狀態，破壞時往往只有一條裂縫。構件一開裂，裂縫就快速向上發展，導致構件突然斷裂破壞（殘存的壓區很小），可認為是“一裂即壞”，無第Ⅱ階段受力過程。破壞彎矩接近于開裂彎矩，若考慮鋼筋的后續承載能力（實際因變形過大，已不能使用），破壞彎矩甚至低于開裂彎矩，承載力很低，控制于混凝土的抗拉強度及截面大小，混凝土的抗壓能力沒有得到發揮，破壞過程也很短，所以也屬脆性破壞，一定要避免采用。構件破壞時，受壓邊緣混凝土的壓應變εc＜εcu；受拉鋼筋的應變εs＞εy，應力σs＞fy。

少筋受彎構件的破壞源于配筋太少，因此，加大配筋率對增大其正截面受彎承載力的作用顯著，即可避免少筋破壞。

綜上所述，受彎構件正截面的破壞特征隨配筋量多少而變化的規律是：①配筋量太少時，配筋不起多大作用，承載力很小，破壞彎矩接近于開裂彎矩，其大小取決于混凝土的抗拉強度及截面大小，破壞呈脆性；②配筋量過多時，雖具有較大的承載力，但配筋不能充分發揮作用，構件的破壞彎矩取決于混凝土的抗壓強度及截面大小，破壞呈脆性。③配筋量適當時，具有適當的承載力，鋼筋和混凝土都能充分發揮作用，破壞呈塑性，是理想的設計方案。因此，合理的設計應保證發生適筋破壞。也就是在工程設計中既要考慮承載力，也要考慮破壞時的變形能力，兩者具有同樣的重要意義。

分析表明：構件開裂之前鋼筋應力是很低的，對抗裂貢獻是很有限的，鋼筋是在開裂后才有效發揮作用。

二、正截面受彎承載力計算方法的基本假定

為了建立正截面承載力計算的力學模型，必須對構件的受力特性作出基本假定。這些假定首先應該符合試驗結果。然后考慮能簡化極限狀態的應力分布圖形，即給出明確的力學模型，以方便承載力計算公式的建立。鋼筋混凝土構件正截面受彎承載力的計算方法，有以下四項基本假定：

（1）平截面假定。構件正截面在彎曲變形以后仍保持一平面。試驗表明，在各級荷載作用下截面上的應變保持為直線分布，也就是說任一點的應變與該點到中和軸的距離成正比。這一假定提供了變形協調的幾何關系。

（2）截面受拉區混凝土不參與工作。達到承載能力極限狀態時，受拉區混凝土作用相對來說很小，可以忽略不計。

（3）受壓區混凝土的應力應變關系采用理想化的應力應變曲線。

（4）有明顯屈服點的鋼筋（熱軋鋼筋、冷拉鋼筋等），其應力應變關系可以簡化為理想的彈塑性曲線。

三、適筋和超筋破壞的界限條件

1．界限破壞

在適筋梁和超筋梁破壞之間存在著一種界限狀態，這種狀態的特征是由于受拉鋼筋較多，使得其應力增長緩慢，在受拉鋼筋的應力達到屈服強度的同時，受壓區混凝土邊緣的壓應變恰好同時達到極限壓應變而破壞，即為界限破壞。此時，σs= fy，εc=εcu=0.0033，εs=εy=fy/Es。

界限破壞狀態時截面相對受壓區高度稱為相對界限受壓區高度ξb，可利用平截面假定所提供的變形協調條件求得。

2．超、適筋判斷方法

隨配筋率ρ的增加，破壞時的受壓區高度x增大，也即相對受壓區高度ξ隨配筋率ρ的增加而增大。因此，可知若ξ＞ξb，進入為超筋范圍，即為超筋破壞；ξ＝x/h0≤ξb，則為最小配筋率要求。

復習指導：

教材本章的例題一定要熟練掌握，尤其是單筋矩形截面承載力的計算要熟練掌握。鋼筋混凝土結構設計計算的主要和基本概念都在本章提出，對以后各部分的學習具有指導意義，一定要重點掌握。

第4章? 鋼筋混凝土受彎構件斜截面承載力計算

鋼筋混凝土受彎構件在彎矩和剪力共同作用下，會由于斜截面，即斜裂縫的發展而導致斜截面承載力不足而破壞。為此就需要在梁內設置足夠的抗剪鋼筋，即與梁軸線垂直的箍筋和與主拉應力方向平行的斜筋。斜筋常利用正截面承載力多余的縱向鋼筋彎起而成，所以又稱彎起鋼筋。箍筋與彎起鋼筋通稱腹筋。從而形成有腹筋梁。

基本構造:

一、箍筋的構造

為了保證箍筋能有效發揮抗剪作用；使構件具有較好的延性；鋼筋骨架的有足夠剛度，避免施工時變形錯位；能可靠地約束受壓鋼筋。規范對箍筋的形狀和肢數、箍筋最小直徑、箍筋的最大間距、箍筋的布置等提出了具體要求。特別是有受壓鋼筋時，希望箍筋能在多方向約束受壓鋼筋，對箍筋肢數和縱筋根數相對關系的要求，就是基于這點。

箍筋的作用具有綜合優勢，因此相對于斜筋，箍筋必須優先配置。

二、彎起鋼筋（斜筋）的構造

選擇鋼筋彎起時，梁底排位于箍筋轉角處的縱向受力鋼筋不應彎起（也不能切斷），而應直通至梁端部，以便和箍筋扎成鋼筋骨架。彎起鋼筋（斜筋）兩端應有足夠的直線段錨固長度。

單獨設置抗剪斜筋時，此時應將斜筋布置成如課本圖4-30（a）所示吊筋型式，俗稱鴨筋，不宜采用如課本圖4-30(b)所示的浮筋。斜筋兩端均錨固在受壓區內, 并有足夠的直線段錨固長度。

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三、架立鋼筋

在箍筋的四角必須沿梁全長配置縱向鋼筋以形成骨架，在沒有縱向受壓筋的區段，則應補設架立鋼筋。

四、腰筋及拉筋

當梁高超過700mm時，為防止由于溫度變形及混凝土收縮等原因使梁中部產生豎向裂縫，在梁的兩側中部應設置縱向構造鋼筋，稱為腰筋。兩側腰筋之間用拉筋聯系起來，以約束其變位(課本圖4-28示)。實際也相當于對縱向鋼筋最大間距的限制。

在受彎構件內，一般由縱向鋼筋（受力和構造筋）和腹筋組成鋼筋骨架。

五、縱向受力鋼筋在支座中的錨固

為避免支座附近出現斜裂縫后，使得與斜裂縫相交的縱筋應力會突然增大，導致縱筋與周圍混凝土之間的粘結有可能遭到破壞而出現粘結裂縫，縱筋在支座內發生滑移，甚至被從混凝土中撥出引起錨固破壞。因此規范根據不同的受力狀態（課本圖4-26、4-27示），對縱向受力鋼筋伸入支座的錨固長度提出了具體要求，受的拉力越大，錨固長度越長。設計時一定要遵守。

基本概念：

一、有腹筋梁的斜截面受剪承載力研究

（一）斜截面抗力組成分析

起始于梁下邊緣的彎剪斜裂縫或起始于梁中部的腹剪斜裂縫不斷發展會導致發生教材圖示的斜截面破壞。

荷載在斜截面AB上引起的彎矩為MA，剪力為VA，而在斜截面AB上的抵抗力有以下幾部分：①縱向鋼筋承擔的拉力T；②斜裂縫上端余留截面混凝土承擔的壓力C；③余留截面混凝土承擔的剪力VC；④縱向鋼筋承擔的剪力Vd，斜裂縫出現后，縱向鋼筋猶如銷栓一樣將裂縫兩側的混凝土聯系起來，稱“銷栓作用”；⑤斜裂縫兩側混凝土發生相對錯動產生的骨料咬合力Va；⑥箍筋的拉力Vsv；⑦斜筋的拉力Tsb。

由力的平衡條件可得平衡VA的抗剪力。

?(二)受彎構件的受剪破壞形態

??? 根據試驗研究，受彎構件的斜截面受剪破壞，有以下三種主要破壞形式。

??? 1．斜拉破壞

??? 當剪跨比λ較大（一般λ＞3，均布荷載下為跨高比l/h＞9），且腹筋數量配置很少時，常為斜拉破壞。這種破壞現象是斜裂縫一出現就很快形成一條主要斜裂縫，腹筋的應力也很快達到屈服，腹筋不能起到限制斜裂縫開展的作用，導致斜裂縫迅速向受壓邊緣發展，直至將整個截面裂通，使構件劈裂為兩部分而破壞，如教材圖4-6(a)所示。其特點是整個破壞過程急速而突然，破壞荷載比斜裂縫形成時的荷載增加不多。斜拉破壞的原因是由于余留截面上混凝土剪應力的增長，使余留截面上的主拉應力超過了混凝土的抗拉強度。相當少筋破壞。

??? 2．剪壓破壞

當剪跨比λ適中（一般1＜λ≤3，均布荷載下為跨高比3＜l/h≤9，且腹筋數量配置適當時，常為剪壓破壞。這種破壞現象是當荷載增加到一定程度時，多條斜裂縫中的一條形成主要斜裂縫，該主要斜裂縫向斜上方伸展，但由于腹筋的存在，限制了斜裂縫的開展，使受壓區高度逐漸減小，荷載仍能有較大的增長，直到腹筋屈服不再能控制斜裂縫開展，斜裂縫快速發展，導致斜裂縫頂端的混凝土被壓碎而破壞，如教材圖4-6(b)所示。它的特點是破壞過程比斜拉破壞緩慢些，破壞時的荷載明顯高于斜裂縫出現時的荷載。剪壓破壞的原因是由于余留截面上混凝土的主壓應力超過了混凝土在壓力和剪力共同作用下的抗壓強度。相當適筋破壞。

??? 3．斜壓破壞

??? 當剪跨比λ較小時（一般λ≤1，均布荷載下為跨高比l/h≤3），或腹筋數量配置很多時，常為斜壓破壞。斜裂縫出現后，沿支座向集中荷載處發展，支座反力與荷載間的混凝土形成一斜向受壓短柱，隨著荷載的增加，當主壓應力超過了混凝土的抗壓強度時，短柱被壓碎而破壞，而腹筋應力達不到屈服，腹筋強度得不到充分利用。如教材圖4-6(c)所示。它的特點是斜裂縫細而密，破壞時的荷載也明顯高于斜裂縫出現時的荷載。斜壓破壞的原因是由于主壓應力超過了斜向受壓短柱混凝土的抗壓強度。相當超筋破壞。

上述三種主要破壞形態，就它們的受剪承載力而言，斜拉破壞最低，剪壓破壞較高，斜壓破壞最高。但就其破壞性質而言，與正截面破壞相比，由于它們達到破壞荷載時的跨中撓度都不大，因而均屬脆性破壞。

（三）影響斜截面受剪承載力的主要因素

??? 上述三種斜截面破壞形態和構件斜截面承載力有密切的關系。因此，凡影響破壞形態的因素也就影響梁的受剪承載力，其主要影響因素有：

??? 1．剪跨比λ

剪跨比λ是剪跨a和截面有效高度ho的比值，其中a為集中荷載作用點到支座截面或節點邊緣的距離。

對梁頂直接施加集中荷載的梁，剪跨比λ是影響受剪承載力的主要因素。隨著剪跨比λ的減少，破壞形態發生顯著變化，斜截面受剪承載力有增高的趨勢。一般來說，小剪跨比時，大多發生斜壓破壞，受剪承載力很高；中等剪跨比時，大多發生剪壓破壞，受剪承載力次之；大剪跨比時，大多發生斜拉破壞，受剪承載力很低。當剪跨比λ＞3以后，剪跨比對受剪承載力無顯著的影響。

2．混凝土強度

??? 混凝土強度反映了混凝土的抗壓強度和抗拉強度，因此，直接影響余留截面抵抗主拉應力和主壓應力的能力。試驗表明，受剪承載力隨混凝土抗拉強度ft的提高而提高，兩者基本呈線性關系。

3．縱筋配筋率ρ

??? 增加縱筋配筋率ρ可抑制斜裂縫向受壓區的伸展，從而提高骨料咬合力，并加大了剪壓區高度，使混凝土的抗剪能力提高，同時也提高了縱筋的銷栓作用。總之，隨著ρ的增大，梁的受剪承載力有所提高，但增幅不大。

4. 腹筋用量

配置腹筋是提高梁受剪承載力的有效措施。梁在斜裂縫發生之前，因混凝土變形協調影響，腹筋的應力很低，對阻止斜裂縫的出現幾乎沒有什么作用。但是當斜裂縫出現之后，和斜裂縫相交的腹筋，就能通過以下幾個方面充分發揮其抗剪作用（課本圖4-9）：

?? （1）與斜裂縫相交的腹筋本身能承擔很大一部分剪力。

?? （2）腹筋能阻止斜裂縫開展過寬，延緩斜裂縫向上伸展，保留了更大的剪壓區高度，從而提高了混凝土的受剪承載力Vc。

?? （3）腹筋能有效地減少斜裂縫的開展寬度，提高斜截面上的骨料咬合力Va。?

?? （4）箍筋可限制縱向鋼筋的豎向位移，有效地阻止混凝土沿縱筋的撕裂，從而提高縱筋的“銷栓作用”Vd。

??? 有腹筋梁的影響機理與無腹筋梁基本相同，最終破壞標志也類同。但由于腹筋的作用，受剪承載力提高，破壞性質得到改善。而且，剪跨比的影響權重相對無腹筋梁時有所下降。如剪跨比較大時，應是斜拉破壞，若腹筋用量很多時，由于腹筋的作用，就可能發生斜壓破壞。但要注意：由于腹筋過多引起的斜壓（超筋）破壞一定要避免。

?????? 另外，軸向壓力的存在，可有限度的提高構件的抗剪承載力，但提高作用是有限度的。而軸向拉力的存在，會降低構件的斜截面受剪承截力，但不影響腹筋的抗剪能力。

二、受彎構件的斜截面受彎承載力研究

?? 斜裂縫出現前，各垂直截面的縱向鋼筋的拉力T由各垂直截面的彎矩所決定，因此，T的變化規律基本上與彎矩圖一致。但從教材圖4-19可看到，斜裂縫出現后，截面B處的鋼筋拉力卻要承受截面A的彎矩MA，而MA＞ MB。所以，開裂后穿過斜裂縫的縱筋的拉力突然增大。如果根據正截面彎矩變化切斷或彎起鋼筋，以達到合理利用時，所余的縱筋雖然能抵抗正截面的彎矩M（MB），但出現斜裂縫后，要承擔的彎矩加大了，就有可能抵抗不了加大了的彎矩M斜（MA），就帶來了斜截面抗彎問題。

（一）抵抗彎矩圖的繪制?

??? 抵抗彎矩圖又稱材料圖，簡稱MR圖，就是以各截面實際縱向受拉鋼筋所能承受的彎矩為縱坐標，以相應的截面位置為橫坐標，作出的彎矩圖。圖形上的各縱坐標就是各截面實際能夠抵抗的彎矩值，它可根據截面實有的縱筋截面面積求得。抵抗彎矩圖也就是由各截面尺寸和鋼筋用量所決定的正截面極限彎矩Mu（也即抵抗彎矩MR）沿構件長度的變化圖形。從MR圖 與荷載彎矩M圖的關系比較知：

1．縱向鋼筋的理論切斷點

對正截面抗彎要求來說，一根鋼筋的不需要點也稱作該鋼筋的“理論切斷點”；因為這根鋼筋既然是多余的，在理論上便可予以切斷，但實際切斷點還將伸過一定長度。

2．縱向鋼筋的充分利用點

一根鋼筋的強度需要充分發揮的點稱作該鋼筋的“充分利用點”，這根鋼筋如果變化，就會導致該正截面抗彎要求不滿足。

3．MR圖 與荷載彎矩M圖的關系

MR圖代表梁的正截面的抗彎能力，因此在各個截面上都要求從不小于M，所以與設計彎矩M圖是同一比例的MR圖必須將M圖包括在內，以滿足受彎承載力的要求。另外，兩者應是越貼近越好，表示鋼筋強度的利用越充分，以滿足經濟要求。但也要注意不應使鋼筋變化過于復雜。

4．鋼筋切斷時MR圖的表示方法

　　鋼筋切斷反映在MR圖上便是截面抵抗彎矩能力的突變。例如在教材圖4-20中，由于F截面為鋼筋④的“不需要點”，所以可在該截面處將鋼筋④切斷，該根鋼筋即不再承受彎矩，MR圖在F截面處就產生突變。同樣，由于J截面為鋼筋③的“不需要點”，MR圖在J截面的突變反映鋼筋③在該截面被切斷；而MR圖在K截面處的突變反映鋼筋①（2Ф18）在該截面被切斷。

5．鋼筋彎起時MR圖的表示方法??

因鋼筋在彎起的過程中還多少能起一些正截面的抗彎作用，直到彎起鋼筋穿過了梁的截面重心軸，基本上進入受壓區，它的正截面抗彎作用才被認為完全消失。所以鋼筋彎起后，引起抗彎能力的變化不是像切斷鋼筋時那樣突然，而是逐漸下降。例如在教材圖4-20中，根據抗剪要求縱筋②需在截面H處被彎下，而在截面I處，彎起筋穿過了梁的截面重心軸，進入受壓區。所以在截面H、I之間MR圖為斜線變化。

（二）保證斜截面受彎承載力的方法

??? 1．縱筋切斷時如何保證斜截面的受彎承載力規范作出如下規定：

?? （1）鋼筋的實際切斷點應伸過其理論切斷點，延伸長度lw不小于20d（d為切斷鋼筋的直徑）。

? （2）鋼筋的充分利用點至該鋼筋的實際切斷點的距離ld還應滿足下列要求：

?? 當 word/media/image1_1.png時，ld≥1.2la

?? 當 word/media/image2_1.png時， word/media/image3_1.png

式中?la——受拉鋼筋的最小錨固長度；

在設計中必須同時滿足lw，la的要求。

必須注意，縱向受拉鋼筋不宜在受拉區切斷，因為切斷處鋼筋面積驟減，引起混凝土拉應力突增，導致在切斷鋼筋截面過早地出現斜裂縫。此外，縱向受拉鋼筋在受拉區錨固也不夠可靠，如果錨固不好，就會影響斜截面受剪承載力。所以教材圖4-22中鋼筋①就應直通入支座。至于支座處承受負彎矩的縱向受拉鋼筋（例如懸臂梁、伸臂簡支梁和連續梁），為節約鋼筋，必要時可按彎矩圖的變化將理論上不需要的鋼筋切斷。

對于梁柱整體澆注結構，計算配筋所用的最大彎矩也選取支座邊緣處的數值，教材圖4-22A-A截面。是因為整澆的支座范圍內，截面尺寸很大，不會在此內發生破壞。

2．縱筋彎起時如何保證斜截面的受彎承載力

在彎起縱筋時，為保證斜截面的受彎承載力，必須將該鋼筋伸過其充分利用點至少0.5h0的地方才能彎起。

以上要求可能有時與腹筋最大間距的限制（教材表4-1）相矛盾，尤其在承受負彎矩的支座（教材圖4-20）附近容易出現這個問題。其原因是由于用一根彎筋同時抗彎又抗剪而引起的。我們知道，腹筋最大間距的限制是為保證斜截面的受剪承載力，而a≥0.5h0的條件是為保證斜截面的受彎承載力。當兩者發生矛盾時，可以在保證斜截面受彎承載力的前提下（即縱筋的彎起滿足a≥0.5h0），用單獨另設斜鋼筋的方法來滿足斜截面受剪承載力的要求。

基本公式和計算步驟：

?一、僅配箍筋梁的受剪承載力Vu的計算公式

教材圖4-11表示一根僅配箍筋的簡支梁，在出現斜裂縫BA后，取斜裂縫BA到支座的一段為隔離體。從隔離體上看出，臨破壞時，斜截面受剪承載力的計算公式可采用兩項相加的形式，即：

（1）對于承受一般荷載的矩形,T形和工形截面受彎構件(包括連續梁和約束梁)

????????????????????? word/media/image4_1.png

（2）對于承受以集中荷載為主(包括作用有多種荷載，且集中荷載對支座截面或節點邊緣所產生的剪力值占總剪力值的75％以上的情況)的矩形截面獨立梁（包括連續梁和約束梁）

二、同時配箍筋和彎起鋼筋的梁受剪承載力Vu的計算公式

在配箍筋的梁斜截面承載力計算中，如果γd V＞Vcs，說明已配箍筋構件的抗剪力不夠，這時（1）將箍筋加密或加粗；（2）增大構件截面尺寸；（3）提高混凝土強度等級。（4）將縱向鋼筋彎起成為斜筋或加焊斜筋，都可以增加斜截面受剪承載力。在縱向鋼筋有可能彎起的情況下，利用彎起的縱筋來抗剪可收到較好的經濟效果。

一定要注意，雖斜筋差不多與斜裂縫垂直，而傳力直接，但由于斜筋一般是由縱筋彎起而成，直徑較粗，根數較少，受力不很均勻；箍筋雖然不與斜裂縫正交，但分布均勻。所以一般在斜截面計算時，總是先配以一定數量的箍筋，需要時再加配適當的斜筋。

此時計算公式為：word/media/image5_1.png

三、斜截面受剪承載力計算公式的適用條件

1．防止斜壓破壞的條件

只要截面尺寸不過小或混凝土強度等級不太低，就不會因混凝土承載力不夠而發生斜壓破壞。為此需要滿足：

（1）當hw／b≤4.0時，

對一般梁，word/media/image6_1.png

對T形或工形截面簡支梁，當有實踐經驗時，

?????????????????????? word/media/image7_1.png

?? （2）當hw／b≥6.0（薄腹梁）時，

??????????????????? word/media/image8_1.png

不滿足時，就應加大截面尺寸或提高混凝土強度等級。

2．防止斜拉破壞的條件

??? 如腹筋布置得過少過稀，即使計算上滿足要求，仍可能出現斜截面受剪承載力不足而發生斜拉破壞。為此要求：

?? （1）腹筋間距要求

如腹筋間距過大，有可能在兩根腹筋之間出現不與腹筋相交的斜裂縫，這時腹筋便無從發揮作用（教材圖4-15）。同時箍筋分布的疏密對斜裂縫開展寬度也有影響。采用較密的箍筋對抑制斜裂縫寬度有利。為此有必要對腹筋的最大間距smax作一限制，smax限值見教材表4-1。在任何情況下，腹筋的間距s不得大于教材表4-1中的smax 數值；同時，從支座算起第一根斜筋或第一根箍筋離開支座邊緣的距離s1也不得大于smax。對斜筋(彎起鋼筋)而言，間距s是指一根斜筋的下彎點到后一根斜筋的上彎點之間的梁軸投影距離。

（2）配箍率要求

??? 箍筋配置過少，一旦斜裂縫出現，由于箍筋的抗剪作用不足以替代斜裂縫發生前混凝土原有的作用，就會發生突然性的脆性破壞。為了防止發生剪跨比較大時的斜拉破壞，規范規定當V＞Vc/γd時，箍筋的配置應滿足它的最小配筋率要求

對Ⅰ級鋼筋，配筋率應滿足?? ρsv= Asv/(bs)≥ρsvmin=0.12%?????????????? ( 4-l0 )

??? 對Ⅱ級鋼筋，配筋率應滿足?? ρsv= Asv/(bs)≥ρsvmin=0.08%????????????? （4-11）

式中，ρsvmin——箍筋的最小配筋率。

四、斜截面抗剪承載力計算步驟

鋼筋混凝土梁一般先進行正截面承載力設計，初步確定截面尺寸和縱向鋼筋后，再進行斜截面受剪承載力設計計算。

?? （1）作梁的剪力圖。計算剪力設計值時的計算跨度取構件的凈跨度，即l0＝ln。

?? （2）以教材式(4-14)或教材式(4-16)驗算構件截面尺寸是否滿足斜截面受剪承載力的要求。

（3）對于矩形、T形及工形截面的一般受彎構件，如能符合

V≤ Vc/γd =（0.07fcbh0）/γd

對集中荷載為主的矩形截面獨立梁，如能符合

???????????????????????????????? word/media/image9_1.png?????????????????????????????

則不需進行斜截面抗剪配筋計算，僅按構造要求，并滿足最小配箍率設置腹筋。

?? （4）如果教材式(4-19)或式(4-20)不滿足，說明需要按承載力計算配置腹筋。這時有兩種方式。

1）只配箍筋。當剪力完全由箍筋和混凝土承擔時，對矩形、T形和工形截面梁，由式(4-8)可算得 word/media/image10_1.png

對集中荷載作用下的矩形截面獨立梁，由教材式(4-9)可算得

?????????????????????? word/media/image11_1.png???

?? 計算出Asv/s值后，根據Asv=nAsv1可選定箍筋肢數n，單肢箍筋截面積Asv1，然后求出箍筋的間距s。注意，選用箍筋的肢數、直徑和間距應分別滿足構造及最小配箍率要求。

??? 2）既配箍筋又配彎起鋼筋。當需要配置彎起鋼筋、箍筋和混凝土共同承擔剪力時，一般先選配一定數量的箍筋(n、Asv1、s)，然后計算出Vcs，再按教材式(4-8)計算彎起鋼筋截面面積

??????????????????????? word/media/image12_1.png???????????????????????

彎起鋼筋的計算一直要進行到最后一排彎起鋼筋進入Vcs/γd的控制區段為止。也就是箍筋基本上是按構造及最小配箍率要求選配，然后全梁均勻布置不變，即所有截面的Vcs相等，這樣就需要根據剪力的變化決定是否要彎起鋼筋和彎起多少。

剪力設計值V取值時注意，當計算配箍筋或第一排(對支座而言)彎起鋼筋時， 取支座邊緣截面的最大剪力設計值V1。當計算以后每一排彎起鋼筋時，取用前一排(對支座而言)彎起鋼筋彎起點處的剪力設計值V2。彎起鋼筋的計算一直要進行到最后一排彎起鋼筋進入Vcs／γd的控制區段為止。

五、梁的整體設計概念和施工圖的基本做法

這里以伸臂梁為例給出了一個整體構件設計的過程。對連續梁的配筋設計有借鑒作用。學習本門課程的一個主要目的就是能進行混凝土結構構件的設計計算，根據正截面和斜截面受力要求，再考慮構造要求，完成從截面設計到構件設計，直至整個結構的設計。大家需結合第10章的學習進一步理解掌握。這里有幾點注意事項：

1．選擇彎起鋼筋時，要注意上部（支座截面）和下部（跨中截面）縱向鋼筋的協調性，即一根鋼筋通過變化兼做兩個截面的受力筋，而不要多配，只有縱向鋼筋沒有那么多可以彎起時，才可以另加斜筋，或增強箍筋。例如教材圖4-36中的鋼筋②和③，它們在正截面計算中方便都予選取（見教材表4-3）。

2．確定彎起或切斷鋼筋位置時，是在滿足基本要求的基礎上，然后根據幾何關系來進行。如鋼筋②為了支座截面的斜截面抗彎和抗剪而定出下彎位置，其彎下后的終點可由豎向高度（容易由幾何關系算出）與水平尺寸相等定出，其它類推，見教材圖4-35、36。

3．作抵抗彎矩MR圖實際就是進行鋼筋布置設計，作圖過程中要注意那一根鋼筋相對于強度的充分利用點，或最大荷載彎矩截面首先變化，其抗力大小就應該畫在抵抗彎矩圖的最外側。例如教材圖4-36中，鋼筋②作為上部受力筋，對充分利用的支座截面是首先彎下，在上部抵抗彎矩圖中畫在最外側，鋼筋③后變化，畫在其內側。

鋼筋③作為下部受力筋時，對充分利用的跨中截面是首先彎上，在下部抵抗彎矩圖中畫在最外側，鋼筋②在此后變化，畫在其內側。不變化的就靠基線畫出。

4．計算鋼筋時，只要明確對其保護層厚度、錨固長度和變化位置的要求，就比較容易進行。

同學們要能看懂本章的計算題

?

第5章 鋼筋混凝土受壓構件承載力計算

?????? 受壓構件是工程結構中承受以壓力作用為主的構件，一般情況下，受壓構件的截面上作用有軸力，彎矩和剪力。按其受力情況可分為：軸心受壓構件，單向偏心受壓構件和雙向偏心受壓構件。在實際結構中，理想的軸心受壓構件幾乎是不存在的。當縱向壓力作用線與構件形心軸線不重合，或截面上同時作用有軸向壓力N和彎矩M時（可看成具有偏心距word/media/image13_1.png的軸向壓力的作用），即為偏心受壓構件

基本構造:

一、截面尺寸

受壓構件的截面尺寸要考慮構件長細比的限制，避免縱向彎曲過大，承載力降低太多，不能充分利用材料的強度。一般限制長細比l0/b≤30及l0/h≤25（h為長邊尺寸）以避免細長柱的失穩破壞。選擇截面時一定要使偏心力沿長邊方向作用，受力才合理。

二、混凝土強度等級

混凝土強度等級對受壓構件的承載力影響較大，為了減少截面尺寸并節省鋼材，宜采用強度等級較高的混凝土

三、縱向受力鋼筋

縱向受力鋼筋，主要指其受壓鋼筋不宜采用高強鋼筋。這是因為鋼筋受到混凝土極限壓應變的限制，不能充分發揮其高強作用。根據鋼筋和混凝土相同的變形條件，鋼筋應力值只能取用word/media/image14_1.png作為抗壓強度設計值。

縱筋，特別是受壓縱筋直徑應粗些，根數少些（但每邊不得少于2根），以避免使用附加箍筋。縱向鋼筋在軸向受壓時沿截面周邊均勻布置；在偏心受壓時沿截面短邊均勻布置。但要注意間距限制和縱向構造鋼筋的設置及附加箍筋的設置條件。?

四、柱中箍筋

柱中箍筋的主要作用是箍筋與縱向鋼筋形成整體性很好的鋼筋骨架；箍筋可以抵抗剪力；增強柱子延性的作用；防止混凝土柱中縱向鋼筋受壓時的向外彎凸，以使混凝土保護層橫向脹裂剝落。
鋼筋骨架的其它要求見教材及前面討論。柱中配筋示意見下圖

　

　

　

　

　

　

基本概念：

一、軸心受壓構件正截面承載力

（一）受力特點

軸心受壓構件根據長細比l0/b區分為短柱（l0/b≤8）、長柱（8＜l0/b≤30）和細長柱（l0/b＞30）。短柱和長柱都因材料強度不夠而破壞，并引入穩定系數來考慮由于縱向彎曲對長柱承載力降低的影響。細長柱則發生失穩破壞，應專門討論。

（二）軸心受壓構件正截面承載力計算公式（教材圖5-7）

word/media/image16_1.png?????????????????????????????????????? ??????（5-1）

二、偏心受壓構件的受力研究

（一）大偏心受壓破壞特征

當軸向力的偏心距較大，且遠離軸向力一側的縱向受力鋼筋適量時發生。破壞時，首先受拉鋼筋屈服。然后，受壓區邊緣混凝土達到極限壓應變而被壓碎，構件發生破壞（見教材圖5-9）。這種破壞形態在破壞前有明顯的預兆，屬于延性破壞。

破壞的本質是受拉鋼筋首先達到屈服強度，所以稱受拉破壞。此種破壞形態類似于受彎構件正截面適筋破壞。

（二）小偏心受壓破壞特征

當軸向力偏心距較小，或雖較大，但遠離軸向力一側的縱向鋼筋過多時發生。構件的破壞是由混凝土的壓碎引起的，破壞時，壓應力較大側的受壓鋼筋達到屈服強度，而另一側的鋼筋不論受拉還是受壓，一般都達不到屈服強度（見教材圖5-10）。這種破壞沒有明顯的預兆，屬脆性破壞。配筋過多引起的小偏心受壓破壞要避免。

受壓區邊緣混凝土首先達到其極限壓應變而被壓碎，所以稱受壓破壞。此種破壞形

態類似于受彎構件的正截面超筋破壞。

由于小偏心受壓構件破壞時，遠離軸向力一側的縱向鋼筋As不論受拉還是受壓，其應力一般都達不到屈服強度。為節約鋼材，一般可按最小配筋率及構造要求配置As。

（三）大、小偏心受壓破壞的本質區別

本質區別在于截面受拉部分和受壓部分誰先發生破壞，前者是受拉鋼筋先屈服，而后壓區混凝土被壓碎；后者是受壓區混凝土先被壓碎。

大偏心受壓與小偏心受壓破壞形態的相同之處是截面的最終破壞都是受壓區邊緣混凝土達到其極限壓應變而被壓碎。

與受彎構件的適筋、超筋判斷條件一樣，偏心受壓破壞形態與小偏心受壓破壞形態之間存在著一種界限破壞狀態，界限條件即以界限破壞特征來建立。

以大小偏心受壓破壞本質可知：在偏心受壓構件承載力計算或復核時，若ηe0>0.3h0與用word/media/image17_1.png判斷相矛盾時，以word/media/image17_1.png方法為準，而用ηe0只是一種近似判斷方法。

（四）縱向彎曲的考慮

偏心受壓構件同樣要考慮長細比（用l0/h判斷）對長柱承載力降低的影響。計算中是在初始偏心距e0乘以偏心距增大系數η（≥1.0 ）來考慮縱向彎曲產生的附加撓度的影響（見教材圖5-11示）。同樣是限制長細比以避免細長柱的失穩破壞。

在l0/h≤8時，取η=1.0。

（五）偏壓構件的最不利荷載組合

分析表明，在偏心受壓構件，在其它條件一定的情況下，Nu與Mu為二次拋物線關系（見教材圖5-20示），如果作用于截面上的內力（word/media/image18_1.png、word/media/image19_1.png）坐標位于圖中曲線的內側（如d點），說明該點對應的內力作用下未達到承載力極限狀態，是安全的。若位于曲線外側（如e點），則表明截面在該點對應的內力作用下承截力不足。（word/media/image18_1.png、word/media/image19_1.png）坐標點越偏離曲線外側，越危險。

研究偏心受壓構件正截面承載力Nu—Mu相關曲線，就可以從N和M的對應關系判斷出哪些內力組合對截面起控制作用，從而選擇最危險的內力組合進行配筋設計。

大偏心受壓時的最不利荷載組合：

M值相同，則N愈大愈安全，N愈小愈危險。

小偏心受壓時的最不利荷載組合：

M值相同，N愈大愈危險，N愈小愈安全。

（六）對稱配筋的特點

在實際工程中，偏心受壓構件在各種不同荷載(風荷載、地震作用、豎向荷載)作用下，在同一截面內可能分別承受正負號的彎矩，即截面在一種荷載組合下為受拉的部位，在另一種荷載組合下變為受壓。當正負彎矩值數值相差不大或即使相反方向的彎矩值相差較大，但縱向鋼筋用量相差不多時，均宜采用對稱配筋。對稱配筋的主要優點是計算和施工方便，主要缺點是鋼筋用量較多，不夠經濟。

基本計算公式及計算方法：

一、偏心受壓構件正截面承載力計算公式

1．計算簡圖

根據四個基本假定，采用等效的矩形應力圖形代替曲線應力圖形, 正截面承載力計算簡圖見圖示。

2．基本公式

（1）設計表達式

word/media/image20_1.png根據計算簡圖和截面內力的平衡條件，并滿足承載力極限狀態的計算要求，可得矩形截面偏心受壓構件正截面承載力計算的兩個基本公式

word/media/image21_1.png?? ???????????????????????????????????????????????（5-2）

word/media/image22_1.png? ??????　　　　　?? ??????????????????????? （5-3）

word/media/image23_1.png???????????????????? （5-4）

計算的鋼筋應力應符合：word/media/image24_1.png ，也可將x=ξh0代入上述公式表述。

（2）適用條件

1）ξ≤ξb時，按大偏心受壓計算，σs= fy ；word/media/image17_1.png＞word/media/image25_1.png時，按小偏心受壓計算，σs按公式（5-4）確定。

2）與受彎構件類似，大偏心受壓時，要求x≥2a"；小偏心受壓時，x比較大，必然滿足此條件。

3）為避免發生少筋情況，要求： ρ≥ρmin

偏心受力構件構件，當截面上給出了作用軸向力N和彎矩M時（一般按力學方法計算出的內力結果），一定要換算成偏心距

e0=M/N的偏心力N的作用，然后分清對那一處取矩而建立計算方程。

此外，無論是截面設計或截面承載力復核，小偏心受壓構件除了在彎矩作用平面內按偏心受壓計算外，還要驗算垂直于彎矩作用平面的軸心受壓承載力，此時自然應用word/media/image26_1.png值考慮縱向彎曲的影響，并取l0/b進行計算。這是因為偏心力方向因偏心力作用可能彎曲變形較大，但小偏心受壓偏心距較小，造成的彎曲變形也就較小（此方向是由l0/h控制），而因l0/b大于l0/h，所以在沒有偏心方向（垂直于彎矩作用平面內）由于軸心力的作用就有可能因縱向彎曲過大，承載力降低過多，而提前發生破壞，故要對按偏心受壓計算的截面，再按軸心受壓進行一下復核，一般情況都能滿足。大偏心受壓構件因偏心距較大，不會出現此問題，也就不必復核。

小偏心受壓構件當軸向力偏心距很小，且軸向力又比較大word/media/image27_1.png時，肯定是全截面受壓，且截面受力較為均勻，趨近軸心受力。但若此時遠離軸向力一側面的鋼筋word/media/image28_1.png如果配置的太少（一般可按最小配筋率及構造要求配置As），該側混凝土可能先達到極限壓應變而破壞（因此時兩側受力又差不多，而此側鋼筋太少，為混凝土分擔的能力有限，所以其先破壞）。為防止此種情況發生，可取word/media/image29_1.png，word/media/image30_1.png（自然As已達抗壓強度設計值），對word/media/image31_1.png合力點取力矩平衡復核As（見教材圖5-14(b)），最后取算得到的較大值配筋。

二、偏心受壓構件正截面承載力計算方法

（一）截面設計

在計算之前，由于鋼筋截面面積word/media/image32_1.png和word/media/image33_1.png為未知數，混凝土相對受壓區高度word/media/image34_1.png將無法計算，因此，無法利用word/media/image35_1.png判別截面類型，對于正常配筋的構件，實際設計時可根據偏心距大小來判別：

(1)當word/media/image36_1.png＞0.3h0時，可按大偏心受壓構件設計；

(2)當word/media/image36_1.png≤0.3h0時，可按小偏心受壓構件設計。

1．大偏心受壓構件計算

（1）已知彎矩設計值M和軸向壓力設計值N、截面尺寸、混凝土和鋼筋等級，需求受拉鋼筋與受壓鋼筋截面面積（As及A"s）。

1）根據充分利用混凝土的抗壓能力，使用鋼量(As+A"s)為最小的原則補充一個條件，即令ξ=ξb（或x=ξbh0）

2）由αsb=ξb(1–0.5ξb)計算得αsb。

3）按式(5-3)計算受壓鋼筋截面面積

word/media/image37_1.png?? word/media/image38_1.png≥ρminbh0????? ????????????????????

　　4）按式(5-2)計算受拉鋼筋截面面積

word/media/image39_1.png≥ρminbh0

若由式（5-3）計算出的word/media/image40_1.png，則按word/media/image41_1.png配筋。此時因A"s與計算結果相差過大，不能直接求As，應按word/media/image42_1.png為已知的第2種情形計算As。

5）按計算的鋼筋截面面積，并考慮構造要求選配和布置鋼筋。

（2）已知彎矩設計值M和軸向壓力設計值N、截面尺寸、鋼筋與混凝土等級、受壓鋼筋截面面積A"s（注意此A"s不一定是第1種情形按word/media/image41_1.png配的筋，也可能是由于其它要求，如抗震延性的所需等），求受拉鋼筋截面面積As。

此時一定要充分利用已有的受壓鋼筋，不能再用ξ＝ξb，此條件已不成立。共有兩個未知數（As與x），可由基本方程直接求解，計算步驟為：

1）按式(5-3)計算

word/media/image43_1.png

? ??2）由word/media/image44_1.png求得ξ值。

3）若ξ＞ξb，則說明由于某種原因所要求的受壓鋼筋A"s數量不夠（不是第1種情形轉換過來的A"s），應將此A"s看作未知，按第一種情況重新計算A"s與As。也可適當加大截面尺寸或提高混凝土強度等級來解決。偏心距比較大時（判斷word/media/image36_1.png＞0.3h0），最好不要設計為小偏心受壓構件，要解決ξ＞ξb的問題。

4）若word/media/image45_1.png，則由(5-2)式

word/media/image46_1.png≥ρminbh0??? ????????????????

　　5）若word/media/image47_1.png，則應下式計算As

word/media/image48_1.png≥ρminbh0??????? ??????????????????

6）按計算的鋼筋截面面積，并考慮構造要求選配和布置鋼筋。

中間結果不滿足ρminbh0，可按最小配筋率配筋，但要調整計算過程。若最終結果不滿足ρminbh0，可按最小配筋率配筋，也可適當減小截面尺寸改善。

小偏心受壓構件計算和截面復核計算的過程及方法請參見教材，不作為重點考核內容。但同學們應理解基本概念，會使用基本公式進行計算。

解題指導：教材本章的大偏壓截面設計例題一定要熟練掌握。

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第10章 預應力混凝土結構構件計算

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一、 預應力混凝土結構的基本概念

（一）預應力混凝土結構的基本工作原理

預應力混凝土結構，就是在外荷載作用之前，先通過張拉鋼筋對混凝土施加壓力，造成人為的應力狀態的結構。它所產生的預壓應力能抵消外荷載所引起的部分或全部拉應力。這樣，在外荷載作用下，裂縫就能延緩或不會產生，即使出現了裂縫，裂縫寬度也不致過大。

預應力的作用可用圖示的梁來說明。在外荷載作用下，梁下邊緣產生拉應力s3，如圖 (b)。如果在荷載作用以前，給梁先施加一偏心壓力N，使得梁下邊緣產生預壓應力s1如圖 (a)，那么在外荷載作用后，截面的應力分布將是兩者的疊加,，如圖 (c)。梁的下邊緣應力可為壓應力（如s1－s3＞0）或數值很小的拉應力（如s1－s3＜0﹚。

（二）預應力混凝土結構的特點（見圖示）

　

　與鋼筋混凝土結構相比較，預應力混凝土結構主要有以下方面的特點：

1、預應力荷載所產生的預壓應力能抵消外荷載所引起的部分或全部拉應力，這樣，預應力混凝土結構在使用荷載作用下不出現裂縫或推遲裂縫的出現。在同樣的荷載下，能減小裂縫寬度，所以抗裂度大為提高，因此也提高了構件的剛度，增加了結構的耐久性。

但裂縫出現的荷載與破壞荷載比較接近，破壞前變形較小，延性較差。

　

word/media/image50_1.png　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　2、預應力結構中的預應力鋼筋從張拉直到破壞始終處于高應力狀態，而混凝土在荷載到消壓階段以前主要處于受壓狀態,所以發揮了兩種材料各自的特長。所以，預應力混凝土結構可以合理、有效地利用高強鋼筋和高強混凝土從而節省材料，減輕結構自重，也解決了大跨鋼筋混凝土結構的裂縫問題，可建造大跨度結構，也就在這方面顯示了其優勢。

鋼筋混凝土結構采用高強材料時，由于混凝土的抗拉強度并沒有顯著提高，所以裂縫仍不易控制，而不能達到這一目標。

（三）預應力混凝土結構的分類

國際預應力混凝土協會根據對構件裂縫控制程度不同，劃分為：

1．全預應力混凝土結構

在全部荷載即荷載效應的短期組合下，截面不出現拉應力的預應力混凝土結構，稱為全預應力混凝土結構。全預應力混凝土結構的特點是：

（1）抗裂性好。由于構件截面不出現拉應力，混凝土不開裂，因而其抗裂性能好、剛度大，常用于對抗裂或抗腐蝕性能要求較高的結構，如核電站安全殼、貯液罐、吊車梁等。

（2）抗疲勞性能好。預應力鋼筋從張拉到使用階段的全過程中，其應力值變化幅度小，所以在重復荷載下抗疲勞性能好。

（3）反拱值可能過大。當按活荷載較大的短期組合設計了結構構件。而在正常使用情況下，會因存在的活荷載變小，預加應力較高，引起結構的反拱過大；而且也會使混凝土在施工階段產生裂縫。從而影響上部結構構件的正常使用。

（4）延性較差。由于構件的開裂荷載與極限荷載較為接近，使構件延較差，對結構的抗震不利。

2．有限預應力混凝土結構

在全部荷載即荷載效應的短期組合下，截面拉應力不超過混凝土規定的抗拉強度；在長期荷載即荷載效應的長期組合下，截面不出現拉應力的預應力混凝土結構，稱為有限預應力混凝土結構。

3．部分預應力混凝土結構

截面允許出現裂縫，但最大的裂縫寬度不得超過允許的限值，稱為部分預應力混凝土結構。部分預應力混凝土結構的特點：

（1）節約鋼材。可根據結構構件的不同使用要求、荷載作用情況及環境條件等，對裂縫進行控制，降低了預應力值，從而節約預應力鋼筋及錨具的用量，簡化張拉、錨固等工藝，降低造價。

（2）反拱值不致于過大。由于施加預應力較小，可避免產生過大反拱。

（3）延性較好。由于配置了非預應力鋼筋，可提高構件的延性，有利于結構抗震。

有限預應力混凝土結構的特點正好介于全預應力混凝土結構與部分預應力混凝土結構之間。現在常把有限預應力混凝土結構包含于部分預應力混凝土結構之中，即一般意義的部分預應力混凝土結構包含了有限預應力混凝土結構和傳統的部分預應力混凝土結構。與全預應力混凝土結構相比，部分預應力混凝土結構綜合經濟技術效果較好。對于抗裂要求不太高的結構構件，部分預應力混凝土結構已得到廣泛應用。另外，鋼筋混凝土結構可以認為是預應力為零的混凝土結構。

以上分析可知，預應力不是越大越好，而應根據需要而定。一般可根據結構構件的不同使用要求、荷載作用情況及環境條件等，對裂縫進行合理控制。

二、施加預應力的方法

張拉預應力鋼筋，而后放松，預應力鋼筋的彈性回縮受到混凝土阻止而使混凝土受到擠壓，產生預壓應力。

先張法是先張拉預應力鋼筋，后澆筑混凝土的方法。靠鋼筋與混凝土之間的粘結力來傳遞和保持預應力。

后張法是先澆筑混凝土構件，當構件混凝土達到一定的強度后，在構件上張拉預應力鋼筋的方法。靠端部承壓錨具傳遞和保持預應力。

三、預應力鋼筋的張拉控制應力

張拉控制應力是指張拉預應力鋼筋時，預應力鋼筋達到的最大應力值。

張拉控制應力的大小直接影響預應力的效果。張拉控制應力取值越高，預應力鋼筋對混凝土的預壓作用越大，可適當節省鋼筋。但如果張拉控制應力取值過高，可能導致鋼筋脆斷，發生事故，也會產生過大的應力松弛，降低預應力的效果。

σcon的取值過低也不行，影響預應力鋼筋充分發揮作用，技術經濟指標過低。

四、預應力損失計算

由于張拉工藝和材料性能等原因，從張拉鋼筋開始到構件使用整個過程中，σcon將不斷降低，即張緊的鋼筋回縮松動導致σcon降低，這種降低稱為預應力損失σl。

凡是能使預應力筋產生縮短的因素，都將引起預應力損失。預應力損失的計算和減少是預應力混凝土結構設計和施工中的一個關鍵問題。過高或過低估計預應力損失，都會對結構的使用性能產生不利影響。

同學要知道產生預應力損失的原因，可能出現的幾種預應力損失及其常規算法和減少預應力損失的措施。

五、預應力混凝土結構的材料

預應力結構構件所用的混凝土，需滿足下列要求：強度高；收縮、徐變小；快硬、早強。

預應力結構構件所用的鋼筋，需滿足下列要求：強度高；與混凝土有較好的粘結力；具有良好的加工性能；具有較好的塑性。

預應力混凝土結構的錨具，需滿足下列要求：與預應力筋匹配，能可靠的錨固預應力筋，避免其滑動；構造簡單，造價低；耐久性好。

六、預應力混凝土軸心受拉構件的應力分析

（一）先張法預應力混凝土軸心受拉構件的應力分析

1、預應力損失全部出現后的狀態(教材表9-6圖d)

總的預應力損失為σl=σlⅠ+σlⅡ。

word/media/image51_1.png這是混凝土受到的預壓應力σpeⅡ，即為張拉完成之后在混凝土結構中建立的有效預壓應力，其計算公式為：

word/media/image52_1.png預應力筋的拉應力σpⅡ為張拉控制應力σcon減去全部預應力損失σl和混凝土受壓后產生壓縮變形導致預應力筋的拉應力減少值εsEs=αEσpc = 2 \* ROMAN II

　

　非預應力鋼筋與混凝土粘結變形協調，受到的是壓應力σsⅡ，其值為word/media/image53_1.png

預應力鋼筋和非預應力鋼筋中減去預應力損失的總預拉力

word/media/image54_1.png

2、荷載作用下的消壓狀態(教材表9-6圖e)

構件在開始外荷載作用后，會在某一特定軸向拉力N0下使混凝土的有效預壓應力σpc = 2 \* ROMAN II降為零，即截面混凝土應力為零，該情況稱為消壓狀態，N0稱為消壓軸力。此后，混凝土才真正開始受拉。

此時截面中的各部分應力均為外荷載作用下產生的拉應力與張拉完成之后的預應力word/media/image55_1.png疊加結果：word/media/image56_1.png預應力筋的拉應力σp

word/media/image57_1.png非預應力鋼筋的壓應力σs

word/media/image58_1.png預應力筋與非預應力鋼筋的合力

3、混凝土即將開裂的狀態(教材表9-6圖f)

隨著荷載的進一步增加，使得混凝土受拉應力，并達到混凝土軸心抗拉強度標準值ftk時，裂縫就將出現。此時由平衡條件可得開裂荷載Ncr為

word/media/image59_1.png

word/media/image60_1.png? 混凝土的拉應力

word/media/image61_1.png預應力筋的拉應力

word/media/image62_1.png非預應力鋼筋的壓應力
式中ftkA0即為鋼筋混凝土軸心受拉構件的開裂荷載。由上式可見，預應力構件的抗裂能力由于多了一項σpcⅡA0而比非預應力構件大大提高。

4、破壞階段(教材表9-6圖h)

word/media/image63_1.png當預應力筋、非預應力鋼筋的應力達到各自受拉屈服強度時，構件就發生破壞。此時的外荷載為構件的極限承載力Nu

（二）后張法預應力混凝土軸心受拉構件的應力分析

預應力損失全部出現后，各部分應力為：

word/media/image64_1.pngword/media/image65_1.png

外荷載作用后的計算方法與先張法完全一樣，但要注意張拉完成之后的預應力結果的不同。word/media/image66_1.pngword/media/image67_1.png

式中：

Ac——混凝土截面面積，Ac=A－As－Ap

An——凈截面面積 ，An= Ac+αE As

A0——換算截面面積，A0=Ac+αEAs+αEAp。

換算截面是按整體工作階段應變協調的原則將縱向非預應力鋼筋和縱向預應力鋼筋換算成混凝土截面面積再加上混凝土的凈截面面積三者的總合，即A0= Ac+αE As+αE Ap。

凈截面是對后張法構件，施工階段由于預應力鋼筋與混凝土之間還沒有粘結，預應力合力相當于外力作用在鋼筋混凝土凈截面An (An= Ac+αE As) 上，沒有包括預應力鋼筋的換算截面面積。而在使用階段，已經灌漿形成整體，所以兩者都用換算截面面積A0。

先張法與后張法相應公式相比，只是張拉施工階段有些不同。同時,先張法用換算截面面積A0，后張法采用凈截面面積An，因為A0>An,所以，若兩種方法??? σcon的相同，則后張法構件中建立的預壓應力要高些。

希望同學們把預應力混凝土軸心受拉構件的應力分析一節學好，這是我們理解預應力混凝土結構特點的基礎。

?七、預應力混凝土軸心受拉構件承載力計算

構件破壞時，荷載全部由預應力和非預應力鋼筋承擔，其正截面承載力由下

word/media/image68_1.png時計算：
當材料強度等級和配筋量相同時，預應力混凝土軸心受拉構件與普通混凝土軸心受拉構件的承載力相同。因為，構件破壞時荷載全部由預應力和非預應力鋼筋承擔，而且它們都達到抗拉強度設計值。

?八、正截面裂縫控制驗算

《規范》根據結構構件所處環境類別，鋼筋種類對腐蝕的敏感性，以及荷載作用時間，將裂縫控制分為三個等級：

（一）嚴格要求不出現裂縫的構件(抗裂驗算)

在荷載效應的短期組合下應滿足條件：

cs－pc≤0.0??????????????

（二）一般要求不出現裂縫的構件(抗裂驗算)

1、在荷載效應的短期組合下應滿足條件： cs－pc≤ctftk???

2、在荷載效應的長期組合下應滿足條件：cl－pc≤ctftk

式中， pc——扣除全部預應力損失后在驗算截面邊緣混凝土的預壓應力，即為張拉完成之后在混凝土結構中建立的有效預壓應力σpcⅡ。這里按應力進行抗裂驗算。

（三）允許出現裂縫的構件（裂縫寬度驗算）

在荷載效應的短期和長期組合下最大的裂縫寬度不得超過規范允許值。最大裂縫寬度的計算公式與鋼筋混凝土構件相同，但計算縱向受拉鋼筋的等效應力ss及sl，這里要考慮預應力荷載的作用效果。

三種裂縫控制等級大體前述的相當于全預應力混凝土、有限預應力混凝土和部分預應力混凝土。

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九、預應力構件與普通混凝土構件受力特點比較（見圖示）

(1)在普通混凝土構件中,鋼筋中的應力值在構件開裂前很小，而預應力構件中的預應力鋼筋從張拉直到破壞始終處于高應力狀態，混凝土在荷載到達N0以前始終處于受壓狀態，所以發揮了兩種材料各自的特長。

(2)預應力構件出現裂縫比普通混凝土構件遲得多，所以構件抗裂度大為提高,但裂縫出現的荷載與破壞荷載比較接近，延性較差。

(3)當材料強度等級和截面尺寸相同時, 預應力混凝土軸心受拉構件與普通混凝土軸心受拉構件的承載力相同；但預應力受彎構件由于應力狀態的影響，與普通混凝土受彎構件相比有一定差別。

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第6～7章 鋼筋混凝土受拉、受扭構件承載力計算

第6章 鋼筋混凝土受拉承載力計算

基本概念：

偏心受拉構件根據縱向拉力N的作用位置不同，其受力破壞特點可分為大、小偏心受拉構件，也就是縱向拉力N的作用線在鋼筋As和A"s之外或鋼筋As和A"s之間，是判定大小偏心受拉的界限。

一、小偏心受拉構件

當偏心距word/media/image69_1.png時；偏心受拉構件破壞時，全截面混凝土裂通，而退出工作，拉力全部由鋼筋承擔。當兩邊鋼筋都受拉，而先后達到屈服強度fy時，構件破壞，此為小偏心受拉構件（如教材圖6-4）。

二、大偏心受拉構件

當偏心距word/media/image70_1.png，且靠近軸向力一側的縱向受力鋼筋適量時，偏心受拉構件破壞時，首先受拉鋼筋達到屈服，最終壓區混凝土達到極限壓應變，混凝土被壓碎而使構件破壞，此為大偏心受拉構件（如教材圖6-6）。

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基本計算公式及計算方法

一、小偏心受壓構件正截面承載力計算公式及計算方法

word/media/image71_1.png（一）計算公式

根據破壞特征，建立如圖6-4所示的計算簡圖。

按力矩平衡條件（分別對As和A"s取矩），考慮可靠度設計要求，給出設計計算公式：

word/media/image72_1.png

word/media/image73_1.png

e和e"這些幾何參數都可由計算簡圖中的幾何關系求出。

（二）荷載組合

?? 分析知道小偏心受拉構件所需考慮的荷載組合：計算As應取N和M都大的組合；計算A"s應取N較大而M較小的荷載組合。也就是說，若有多種荷載組合，兩邊鋼筋可能不是同一種荷載組合計算出來的。

（三）計算方法

截面設計時，更加最不利荷載組合，分別按（6-1）、（6-2）計算As和A"s，并滿足最小配筋率和構造條件配筋。

截面復核時，可由式（6-1）、式（6-2）分別求得Nu值，其中較小者即為構件正截面的極限承載能力。

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二、大偏心受壓構件正截面承載力計算公式及計算方法

（一）計算公式

word/media/image74_1.png

???

大偏心受拉的破壞特征與大偏心受壓構件類似，故所采用的應力圖形和計算公式的建立方法與適用條與大偏心受壓相類似。但要注意縱向力N的指向正好與大偏心受壓構件相反。

按力矩平衡（對As取矩）和力的平衡條件，考慮可靠度設計要求，給出設計計算公式：

word/media/image75_1.png???????????（6-3）

word/media/image76_1.png（6-4）

（二）計算方法

1．截面設計

（1）已知彎矩設計值M和軸向拉力設計值N、截面尺寸、混凝土和鋼筋等級，需求受拉鋼筋與受壓鋼筋截面面積（As及A"s）。

1）根據充分利用混凝土的抗壓能力，使用鋼量(As+A"s)為最小的原則補充一個條件，即令ξ=ξb（或x=ξbh0）

2）由αsb=ξb(1–0.5ξb)計算得αsb。

3）按式(6-4)計算受壓鋼筋截面面積

word/media/image37_1.png?? word/media/image38_1.png≥ρminbh0????? ????????????????????

　　4）按式(6-3)計算受拉鋼筋截面面積

word/media/image77_1.png≥ρminbh0

若由式（6-4）計算出的word/media/image40_1.png，則按word/media/image41_1.png配筋。此時因A"s與計算結果相差過大，不能直接求As，應按word/media/image42_1.png為已知的第2種情形計算As。

5）按計算的鋼筋截面面積，并考慮構造要求選配和布置鋼筋。

（2）已知彎矩設計值M和軸向拉力設計值N、截面尺寸、鋼筋與混凝土等級、受壓鋼筋截面面積A"s（注意此A"s不一定是第1種情形按word/media/image41_1.png配的筋，也可能是由于其它要求，如抗震延性的所需等），求受拉鋼筋截面面積As。

此時一定要充分利用已有的受壓鋼筋，不能再用ξ＝ξb，此條件已不成立。共有兩個未知數（As與x），可由基本方程直接求解，計算步驟為：

1）按式(6-4)計算

word/media/image43_1.png

? ??2）由word/media/image44_1.png求得ξ值。

　

3）若ξ＞ξb，則說明由于某種原因所要求的受壓鋼筋A"s數量不夠（不是第1種情形轉換過來的A"s），應將此A"s看作未知，按第一種情況重新計算A"s與As；也可適當加大截面尺寸或提高混凝土強度等級，來避免超筋破壞。而且不能象偏心受壓構件那樣，設計為小偏心受拉構件。

4）若word/media/image45_1.png，則由(6-3)式

word/media/image78_1.png≥ρminbh0??? ????????????????

5）若word/media/image47_1.png，則應下式計算As

word/media/image48_1.png≥ρminbh0??????? ??????????????????

6）按計算的鋼筋截面面積，并考慮構造要求選配和布置鋼筋。

??? 2．截面復核

?? （1）聯立解式(6-3)和式(6-4)得x值。

（2）若2a"≤x≤ξbh0，將x值代入式(6-3)或式(6-4)即可求得Nu值或Mu=Nue0；

（3）若x＞ξbh0，發生超筋破壞，則取x=ξbh0代入式(6-4)求得實際的Nu；當然不能象偏心受壓構件那樣，按小偏心受拉構件進行復核。

（4）若x＜2a"，由式(6-10)求得Nu值。

偏心受拉構件的構造做法請參見前面章節。

解題指導：

熟練掌握教材本章的大、小偏壓截面設計例題。

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第7章 鋼筋混凝土受扭構件承載力計算?

基本構造:

受扭構件抗扭鋼筋由抗扭縱筋和抗扭箍筋組成。

由于扭矩引起的剪應力在截面四周最大，因此，抗扭縱筋應沿截面周邊對稱布置，且截面四角處必須放置，其間距不應大于300mm，也不應大于截面寬度b，抗扭縱筋的兩端應伸入支座，并滿足錨固長度la的要求。

抗扭箍筋必須采用封閉形式且沿截面周邊布置（肢數n=2），以每邊都能承擔拉力，為此，箍筋末端彎鉤應大于135°（采用綁扎骨架時），且彎鉤端平直長度應大于5dsv（dsv為箍筋直徑）和50mm，以使箍筋未端錨固于截面核心混凝土內而可靠的受力。抗扭箍筋的直徑和最大間距應滿足第4章對箍筋的有關規定。

這種鋼筋布置方式既能保證受扭構件的承載力，又能與受彎和受剪鋼筋相協調。對受彎和受剪的要求同前。

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基本概念：

一、純扭構件的破壞形態

word/media/image80_1.png純扭構件的破壞面是一三面受拉開裂，一面受壓的沿45°方向發展的空間扭曲裂面（如教材圖7-2示）。屬于空間破壞面，破壞形態復雜。由于所配抗扭鋼筋數量的不同，而發生三種不同性質的破壞形態。

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　二、彎剪扭構件承載力研究

實際工程中，結構大多數情況下都是處于彎矩、剪力和扭矩共同作用下的復合受力狀態。彎剪扭構件受力破壞影響因素較多，使得破壞形態更復雜。

計算中主要要考慮剪扭的相關作用，即剪扭相關性。而受彎獨立進行。

1、剪扭相關性

對于剪力和扭矩的共同作用下的構件，由于剪力的存在會降低構件的抗扭承載力；同樣，由于扭矩的存在，也會引起構件抗剪承載力的降低。這就是剪扭相關性。

2、剪扭相關性的處理方法

抗剪和抗扭承載力由混凝土和鋼筋兩部分組成：

第一項為混凝土的承載力，考慮剪扭的相關作用，并以線性關系代替1/4圓曲線的相關關系規律（見教材圖7-10），以簡化計算。經分析，引入剪扭構件混凝土受扭承載力降低系數word/media/image81_1.png來具體反映剪扭相關性對剪扭構件承載力的影響。

第二項為鋼筋的承載力，不考慮剪扭的相關作用。

?3．帶翼緣截面構件剪扭承載力計算原則

帶翼緣截面關鍵是能正確的分塊，截面分塊劃分的原則是首先滿足腹板截面的完整性，即按寬為b沿總高h劃分一矩形面積，然后再劃分受壓翼緣和受拉翼緣的面積（如圖示）。

分塊進行承載力計算時，要合理進行內力分配。

近似認為扭矩由整個截面分擔，各矩形小塊承擔的扭矩按各小塊受扭塑性抵抗矩比值的大小加以確定。剪力只由腹板承擔，即腹板按剪扭截面計算，而翼緣按純扭截面計算。

word/media/image82_1.png?

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

彎剪扭構件承載力計算方法

1．以式 word/media/image83_1.png

驗算構件截面，以防止剪扭構件超筋破壞。不滿足，則應加大截面尺寸或提高混凝土強度等級。

2．若滿足下式要求： word/media/image84_1.png

則只需按受彎構件的正截面受彎承載力進行計算，而不需要進行剪扭配筋計算，僅按構造要求，并滿足最小配筋率設置腹筋。

3．若滿足下式要求：

word/media/image85_1.png

則可不計剪力V的影響，而只需按受彎構件的正截面受彎和受扭構件的純扭分別來進行承載力計算。在剪扭相關性討論中，認為Vc/Vc0≤0.5時，取Tc/Tc0=1.0，忽略剪力V的影響，所以有上結論。

4．若滿足下式要求：

word/media/image86_1.png

則可不計扭矩T的影響，而只需按受彎構件的正截面和斜截面分別進行受彎和受剪承載力計算。在剪扭相關性討論中，認為Tc/Tc0≤0.5時，取Vc/Vc0=1.0，忽略扭矩T的影響，所以有上結論。

5．若構件受力只滿足式（7-22）的條件，而必須進行正常的彎剪扭構件承載力計算，則可按下列兩方面進行：

（1）按受彎構件正截面受彎承載力計算所需的縱向鋼筋As；

（2）按式（7-19）、式（7-20）、式(7-21)計算抗剪、扭縱向鋼筋和箍筋：

（3）將上述分別計算所得的鋼筋，按彎、剪、扭相應的構造要求進行布置，在重疊部位處的鋼筋面積先進行疊加，而后再選配鋼筋。如下為疊加配筋示意圖，在這里同學們一定要清楚不同受力鋼筋的布置位置。

　

　

word/media/image87_1.png　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

解題指導：

??? 要求能看明白教材例題，會用基本公式進行計算。

?

第8、10章鋼筋混凝土構件正常使用極限狀態驗算和裝配式鋼筋混凝土矩形渡槽設計

第8章 鋼筋混凝土構件正常使用極限狀態驗算

?

一、抗裂驗算

抗裂就是不容許出現裂縫。對于一旦開裂就會嚴重影響使用性或耐久性的結構，應進行抗裂驗算，采取措施保證其在正常使用階段不開裂。

1、軸心受拉構件的抗裂驗算

根據軸心受拉構件的抗裂極限狀態：混凝土的拉應力σc=ft（教材圖8-1），拉應變εc =εtu；鋼筋拉應力可根據鋼筋和混凝土應變相等的關系求得σs=εsEs=εcEs =αEεtuEc=αEft。對換算截面面積A0= Ac+αEAs（這樣才好利用力學中的勻質彈性體分析方法），由力的平衡條件可求得即將發生裂縫時的抗裂軸向拉力：

Ncr= Acft+σs As= Acft+αEft As= ft（Ac +αE As）= ft A0??

在正常使用極限狀態驗算時，考慮目標可靠指標的要求，引進一個拉應力限制系數αct，形成有限拉應力狀態，并且混凝土抗拉強度取用標準值，荷載也取用標準值。所以，對于軸心受拉構件，在荷載效應的短期組合及長期組合下，應按下列公式分別進行抗裂驗算：

Ns≤αct ftk A0

Nl≤αct ftk A0

2、受彎構件的抗裂驗算

根據受彎構件的抗裂極限狀態，即第3章討論的受彎構件在第Ⅰ階段末尾將開裂的Ⅰa狀態計算構件抗裂彎矩Mcr（見下圖a）

由于混凝土受拉區的塑性發展，拉應力圖形為曲線形（見下圖a），可近似假定混凝土受拉區應力分布為見下圖b所示的梯形，最終為分析方便，且能利用力學中的勻質彈性體計算方法，保持抗裂彎矩不變，轉換為彈性應力分布（見下圖c）。混凝土受拉區的塑性發展后，抗裂彎矩要大于彈性階段（邊緣混凝土的拉應力也是ft，但沒有發展塑性）的值。因此，若轉換為彈性應力分布，而要保持計算的抗裂彎矩不變，就必須改變應力圖形的參數大小。這里在考慮塑性性質后，把彈性極限應力提高為γmft。

　

　

　

　

　經過這樣的換算，就可把構件視作截面面積為A0= Ac+αE As+αE A"s的勻質彈性體，引用材料力學的公式，可得出受彎構件正截面抗裂彎矩Mcr的計算公式

　Mcr=γmftkW0

同樣，引進一個拉應力限制系數αct，在荷載效應的短期組合及長期組合下，按下列公式分別進行抗裂驗算：

Ms≤αctftkγmW0

Ml≤αctftkγmW0

如果驗算公式兩邊同除以截面特征值（軸拉為A0、受彎為W0），實際相當于在荷載效應的短期組合和長期組合兩種情況下，構件驗算點拉應力不能超過由混凝土拉應力限制系數αct控制的應力值αctftk。偏心受力構件同樣道理分析。

Ms( Ml)≤Mcr即滿足抗裂要求。規范偏于安全出發用 αct對ftk進行了折減，也可宏觀認為是對Mcr的折減。拉應力限制系數 αct的采用，實際上就是對混凝土抗拉強度標準值進行折減以控制截面應力不超過一更保守的限定值。短期組合和長期組合的概念見第2章。

3、偏心受力構件的抗裂驗算

偏心受力構件可采用與受彎構件相同的方法分析計算抗裂性能，但關鍵是混凝土塑性影響系數γ的確定。

研究表明，偏心受拉構件受拉區塑化效應與受彎構件的塑化效應相比，有所減弱，這是因為它的受拉區應變梯度（受拉區邊緣應變εtu與截面受拉區高度的比值。）比受彎構件的應變梯度要小。但它的塑化效應又比軸心受拉構件的大，因為軸心受拉構件的應變梯度為零（見教材圖8-5）。因此，偏心受拉構件的塑性影響系數γ偏拉應處于γm（受彎構件的塑性影響系數）與1（軸心受拉構件的塑性影響系數）之間，可近似地認為γ偏拉是隨截面的平均拉應力σ=Ns/ A0（σ=Nl/ A0）的大小，按線性規律在1與γm之間變化。

偏心受壓構件由于受拉區應變梯度比較大，塑化效應比較充分，因而其塑性影響系數γ偏壓比受彎構件的γm大。但在實際應用中，為簡化計算并考慮偏于安全，取與受彎構件相同的數值，即取γ偏壓＝γm。

經變換后，就可得出偏心受力構件在荷載效應的短期組合和長期組合下的抗裂驗算教材公式（8-19、8-19、8-22、8-23）。

γ反映了截面塑性發展對構件抗裂性能的影響程度。

4、提高構件抗裂能力的方法

分析表明，開裂之前鋼筋應力是很低的（混凝土的拉應變很低，鋼筋與混凝土在開

裂之前保持應變協調限制了鋼筋應力的發展），即對于鋼筋混凝土的抗裂能力而言，鋼筋所起的作用不大，對抗裂貢獻是很有限的。所以用增加鋼筋配筋率的辦法來提高構件的抗裂能力是極不經濟的，鋼筋是在開裂后才有效發揮其限制裂縫作用。加大構件截面尺寸、特別是截面高度與提高混凝土的強度等級可有效提高構件抗裂能力。在混凝土中摻入纖維也可提高構件抗裂能力，最根本的方法是采用預應力混凝土結構，但這實際已超出普通鋼筋混凝土結構的范圍。

二、裂縫寬度驗算

不必要求抗裂的構件，就可以放寬標準，允許其出現裂縫。但如果裂縫過寬，則會降低混凝土的抗滲性和抗凍性等使用功能，進而影響結構的耐久性和外觀，并會引起使用者心理不安。因此，對這種構件就必須進行裂縫寬度驗算，限制其裂縫寬度過大。

1、引起裂縫的因素

（1）荷載。荷載引起的混凝土的拉應變達到混凝土的極限拉應變時，混凝土就會開裂。

（2）非荷載因素。溫度變化，混凝土收縮，基礎沉降，混凝土塑性坍塌，鋼筋銹蝕，堿—骨料化學反應等非荷載因素引起的變形受到約束時，就可能產生裂縫。

非荷載作用引起的裂縫目前還無法準確計算，但可從材料、設計和施工等方面采取措施予以減輕其危害。

2、裂縫寬度計算公式

（1）平均裂縫寬度

平均裂縫寬度等于平均裂縫間距內鋼筋和混凝土的平均受拉伸長之差（見圖8-10），即

wcr=εsmlcr-εcmlcr=word/media/image89_1.png

裂縫間鋼筋應變不均勻系數ψ＝εsm／εs，反映了裂縫間受拉混凝土參與受拉工作的程度。裂縫間鋼筋的平均拉應變εsm肯定小于裂縫截面處的鋼筋應變εs。顯然，ψ值不會大于1。ψ值越小，表示混凝土承受拉力的程度越大，因為裂縫間鋼筋的平均拉應變εsm肯定小，主要由混凝土承受拉力；ψ值越大，表示混凝土承受拉力的程度越小，各截面中鋼筋的應力、應變也比較均勻；當ψ值等于1時，表示混凝土完全脫離受拉工作，鋼筋應力趨于均勻。這是可以說是原裂縫間的混凝土都已開裂而退出工作，全為裂縫截面。

（2）最大裂縫寬度

在荷載長期作用下，由于鋼筋與混凝土的粘結滑移徐變、拉應力松弛和受拉混凝土的收縮影響，導致裂縫間混凝土不斷退出工作，鋼筋平均應變增大，裂縫寬度隨時間推移逐漸增大。我們要控制的就是鋼筋處的最大裂縫寬度。

經分析，按綜合裂縫開展寬度計算理論給出了按荷載效應的短期組合(并考慮部分荷載長期作用的影響)和荷載效應長期組合的最大裂縫寬度：

word/media/image90_1.png

1）按荷載效應的短期組合(并考慮部分荷載長期作用的影響)的最大裂縫寬度

word/media/image91_1.png

word/media/image91_1.png

word/media/image92_1.png2）按荷載效應長期組合的最大裂縫寬度

　

這里主要討論幾個概念：

ρte ——縱向受拉鋼筋的有效配筋率，ρte ＝As／Ate

Ate——有效受拉混凝土截面面積，取其重心與受拉較大一側鋼筋As(如是小偏拉，要按受拉較大的鋼筋計算，包括應力，因此處裂縫寬度大)重心相一致的混凝土面積，即 Ate＝2abf(如圖示中，兩個a要相等且取較小值)

σss，σsl——分別按荷載效應的短期組合和長期組合，根據第Ⅱ階段的截面應力特征計算。如圖為受彎構件第Ⅱ階段的截面應力狀態。

?詳細請看教材。

?3、減小裂縫寬度的方法

如果Wmax超過允許值，則應采取相應措施予以減小。如：

適當減小鋼筋直徑，使鋼筋在混凝土中均勻分布；

采用與混凝土粘結較好的變形鋼筋；

適當增加配筋量，以降低使用階段的鋼筋應力。裂縫寬度與鋼筋應力基本成正比

這些方法都能一定程度減小正常使用條件下的裂縫寬度。而適當增加配筋量不夠經濟合理。對限制裂縫寬度而言最根本的方法也是采用預應力混凝土結構。而截面尺寸和混凝土強度對構件裂縫寬度的影響很小。

三、變形驗算

1、鋼筋混凝土梁變形計算的特點

對于勻質彈性材料梁，當梁的截面尺寸和材料確定后，截面的抗彎剛度EI就為常數了，然后可按《材料力學》的公式計算變形。由下圖可知，鋼筋混凝土梁由于塑性變形的出現以及裂縫的產生和發展，導致變形模量降低和截面慣性矩下降，使截面的抗彎剛度隨著荷載的增加而不斷降低。

對其正常使用狀況（即屬第3章討論的第 = 1 \* ROMAN I、 = 2 \* ROMAN II階段）下的撓度進行計算時，采用恒定的剛度EI就不能反映梁的實際工作情況。所以規范用抗彎剛度B取代式中的EI，B是隨彎矩M的增大而減小的變量。分析表明，剛度B確定后仍可按材料力學的計算公式計算梁的撓度。所以，鋼筋混凝土梁的變形（撓度）計算就歸結為抗彎剛度B的計算。

word/media/image93_1.png

　

　

　

　

　

　

2、受彎構件的短期剛度Bs

（1）不出現裂縫的構件

?Bs＝0.85EcI0

0.85——考慮混凝土出現塑性時彈性模量的降低系數。此為階段Ⅰ的剛度計算。

（2）出現裂縫的構件

Bs=(0.025+0.28αEρ)(1+0.55γ"f+0.12γf)Ecbh03

2、受彎構件的長期剛度Bl

在荷載長期作用下，鋼筋混凝土梁受壓區混凝土將產生壓縮徐變，受拉區混凝土與鋼筋之間將產生粘結滑移徐變，使受拉混凝土不斷退出工作，即使荷載不增加，撓度也將隨時間的增加而增大。混凝土收縮也會造成梁剛度降低、變形增大。因此需要得到長期剛度Bl，以求最大撓度值。

（1）荷載效應的短期組合（并考慮部分荷載長期作用影響）的剛度

word/media/image94_1.png
（2）荷載效應的長期組合的剛度

Bl= Bs/θ

4、最小剛度原則

構件的截面剛度隨截面的內力和配筋大小而變，即沿構件跨度方向各截面剛度不等。為簡化起見，在按材料力學方法計算受彎構件的變形時，取同號彎矩區段內截面的最小剛度作為該區段的平均剛度，而按等剛度或分段等剛度的構件進行計算。

5、提高剛度的方法

若驗算撓度不能滿足規范要求時，則表示構件的抗彎剛度不足。可以通過增加截面尺寸、提高混凝土強度等級、適當增加配筋量和選用合理的截面（如T形或工形等）的方法來提高剛度。但合理而有效的措施是適當增大截面的高度。采用預應力混凝土結構也可有效提高構件剛度。

這里計算時，要把荷載效應組合的概念真正弄懂。在第2章已經講過，短時間內，可能存在所有對結構不利的荷載都出現的組合，當然是指的變化著的活荷載的短時共存，再疊加上必然存在的永久荷載，這就是荷載效應的短期組合。也就是說此組合中，長、短期荷載都有，所以可稱為荷載效應的短期組合（并考慮部分荷載長期作用影響）的情況，承載力計算也只用到此組合。而荷載效應的長期組合中，只有長期作用性質的那部分荷載，即可由短期組合中，把短時間內存在的活荷載去掉，只保留長期作用永久荷載和可變荷載準永久值。所以，可以知道：短期組合的載準值實際包含了長期組合的載準值。

四、混凝土結構的耐久性

結構的耐久性是指結構在使用環境下，對物理的、化學的以及其他使結構材料性能惡化的各種侵蝕的抵抗能力。混凝土結構的耐久性問題越來越受到人們的重視。在設計混凝土結構時，除了進行承載力計算、變形和裂縫驗算外，還必須進行耐久性設計。

由于影響因素的復雜，目前混凝土結構的耐久性設計實質上是針對影響耐久性能的主要因素提出相應的對策，即以概念設計為主。一般是采取措施一定來保證耐久性，提高耐久性的主要措施有：

合理加大混凝土保護層的最小厚度；嚴格按規范控制裂縫寬度；注意保證混凝土原材料的質量；提高混凝土的密實度；采用耐腐蝕鋼筋；在結構表面設置專門的防滲面層等。

正常使用極限狀態驗算的基本概念一定要清楚，要看懂課本例題，會用基本公式進行計算。

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第10章 裝配式鋼筋混凝土矩形渡槽設計

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??? 這一章實際是一設計專題，結合水利工程一輸水建筑物——渡槽，使同學們了解如何利用前面學過的基本知識來解決一實際結構的設計問題，掌握設計過程和方法，建立工程設計概念。

渡槽是渠道跨越河流、洼地和道路的輸水建筑物，是水利工程中應用最廣的交叉建筑物之一。渡槽結構和一般橋梁相似，由上部結構（槽身）和下部結構（墩、臺或剛架）組成。

一、渡槽上部結構——槽身選型

1、縱向結構

縱向結構可考慮選用梁式渡槽結構型式。梁式渡槽的槽身在縱向起梁的作用，墻體既橫向擋水，又起縱向大梁抗彎作用，使橫向擋水與縱向承重有機合一。
采用簡支梁式渡槽（見圖示），施工方便，適應地基能力強。單跨簡支梁式渡槽的優點是吊裝方便，不受地形和渡槽高度的限制。缺點是槽身縱向正彎矩較大，且底板位于受拉區，對抗裂防滲不利。因此，簡支梁式槽身的跨度一般需限制在15m以內。中小型渡槽常常采用此結構。

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?2、橫向結構

矩形斷面渡槽具有受力明確、計算可靠、施工簡便等優點，鋼筋混凝土梁式渡槽槽身多采用此種型式。

小型渡槽常用的矩形斷面渡槽有：

（1）無橫桿式（教材圖10-4a）。在有通航要求或小型渡槽中采用無橫桿的矩形槽。槽身側墻在水平水壓力作用下如同一懸臂板。缺點是在墻身較高時，側墻底部彎矩較大。?

（2）有橫桿式（教材圖10-4b）。在無通航要求的渡槽中常采用有橫桿的矩形槽，橫桿間距常為2～3m。槽頂設置的橫桿可作為側墻頂部的一個支點，槽身橫向受力猶如框架結構，從而改善了側墻和底板的受力條件。

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二、下部結構——支承剛架和基礎

（1）支承剛架

剛架是由橫梁和立柱剛性連接（剛節點）所組成的承重結構。

剛架形式有單剛架、雙剛架等（教材圖10-5）。單剛架高度H一般在15m以內；雙剛架承載力高、剛度大，高度一般可在25m以內。根據使用要求，剛架結構可以是單層多跨的或多層多跨的。當剛架高度只在5m以下時，一般采用單層剛架，在5m以上時，則宜采用雙層剛架或多層剛架。

（2）基礎

剛架立柱所受的荷載都要通過基礎傳給地基，柱下基礎的類型很多，如槽身不寬，所受荷載不大，地基又是土基(粘土、砂土、碎石土地基)，則基礎可采用混凝土就地澆筑成的單獨基礎或條形基礎。

1）柱下單獨基礎

柱下單獨基礎是一根柱下一個基礎，常用的柱下單獨基礎有錐形基礎和階梯形基礎兩種(見教材圖10-6)。

2）條形基礎

兩個柱基礎連在一起，作成鋼筋混凝土條形基礎，如圖10-8所示。

三、槽身結構設計計算

1、荷載及其組合

（1）渡槽上作用的荷載

結構自重；水重及水壓力；人行道上的人群荷載；預制構件的吊裝荷載，施工荷載

等。

（2）承載力計算的荷載組合

渡槽槽身中的水深為設計流量下的設計水深時，與同時出現的其它荷載（結構自重+人群荷載）的組合，按持久狀況的基本組合考慮；

槽身中的水深為加大流量下的校核水深時，與同時出現的其它荷載（結構自重+人群荷載）的組合，按短暫狀況的基本組合

（3）正常使用驗算的荷載組合

短期組合（水深+人群荷載+結構自重）

長期組合（設計水深+結構自重）。

?2、槽身橫向計算
槽身橫向計算時，可沿縱向（順槽身方向）取單位長度lm槽身為脫離體進行計算，不帶橫桿槽身結構計算簡圖如圖所示。根據結構力學方法計算出各部分的內力，然后可按前面所學知識進行設計和驗算。

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

在選擇人行道板、側墻及底板鋼筋時，要注意鋼筋間距互相協調（下圖示），以方便施工時綁扎鋼筋。協調就是三者的鋼筋間距應是倍數關系，這可通過改變鋼筋直徑來調整。

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3、槽身縱向計算

梁式渡槽的槽身縱向計算是受彎構件，但要注意其截面形式的復雜性，配筋方式的特殊性（可上圖）。

支承剛架和基礎的設計方法可見其它有關教材。

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（英文版 ）

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Significance of pride. Hope is the ornate palace, outside people admiring the magnificent, living in the deep knowledge of living it to pay the price. Simple world as a simple log cabin outside ridiculed shabby, the heart is willing to go live to know the joy. Suffering and joy is their own choice. 22, learn how to use a single powerful heart, let the past be the past, let the future come. Life is really the end of the end of an eagle is flying wings, life is constantly pursuit. Don"t miss to regret, don"t wait for old just miss. Time to return, seize every moment, again painstakingly again tired also Those struggling to fly. 23, life could not Yimapingchuan, even flat pavement, inevitably there will be a few pieces of roadblocks. Some of the rocks around the past, while others have to move it out. Just move others put the stone is very easy, because the stone from the appearance we can discern; difficult to myself to move away the heart of stone head. Leave time to spend with her, often reflect my heart, so as to remove your heart of stone. 24, everything does not have to be demanding, come to, everything does not have to care about, over the past; failing to do not frown, laugh it laugh. Results Don"t demand, do to; life is a simple, calm and peaceful. Always not to choose their own path and regret, life is like a train, the scenery and then the United States will retreat, the passage of time and encounter will eventually drifting further and further away, before is always himself. 25, everyone has a weakness, weakness is true humanity. That has no weakness, a shallow person. That people think there is no weakness, mostly false. Life has shortcomings, there are shortcomings is the real life. That no one regret, or childish or numbness or Self deception. It is in tolerance of weakness and so on to accept, people live happily.

Hello, everyone! I am a party member. The title of my speech is: < study and implement the party"s two laws, doing practical play highway. 2015 October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China promulgated the implementation of the < the probity of the Communist Party of China self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and punishment regulations. We Heyuan male passers-by to respond positively to the call of the Central Committee of the party, earnestly organize the study "party two regulations", truly grasp the essence and gist, and in their respective positions, to hold the bottom line of the discipline, build a strong ideological line of defense, with the courage to play, the courage to fight tough and fearless spirit, at the crucial moment well to complete the task, with practical action to test the study and implement effect Because of discipline in the * * * * * * * * * * * story. Here, let me to cast a brick to attract jade, speak about our highway. Highway line section of the road surface transformation project, last year "towards the country seized" will be seized one of the items. To complete this arduous task, as a project management office director Comrade, keep in mind from the Communist Party membership, recognize and identify the "bottom line", strict management, and strict adherence to the quality of the project. He not only set an example, honesty and self-discipline, but also requires the management of all the members of the O.K., do not eat the construction unit one meal, do not accept the construction unit a ceremony. In this way, they didn"t really dare to adhere to the principle. No comrade, constantly put on reworking an emergency meeting to Comrade Zhen to speak louder, management tube too strict. Remember in Dongguan Street, 400 meters long cement concrete surface layer, because of various reasons, the smoothness of the poor in the bottom cavity, covering film traces and car imprinting quality problems, * * * inquiries, immediately rushed to the scene to understand and verify the situation, the convening of the management office, the construction units, supervision units, construction units, construction units construction time is tight, the economic loss and other reasons to intercede ******** unmoved. He said, "now a popular word, to the discipline and rules quite in front, there are no rules Radius, you construction team not accordance with the technical specifications, quality problems, it must be to carry out rectification. Engineering quality responsibility be weightier than Mount Tai, if we manage to this matter

Pavement quality quantity are placed the matter, we this time to learn two regulations have what use? Still what is the Communist Party? "Finally, in his insisted, the road after rework, to solve these problems. In the construction of the new comrades and the project all the colleagues efforts, after four months of fighting, the project the main project was finally completed and passed inspection. Thousands of miles of ice, thousands of miles Piao, this is a splendid and romantic scene. But snow for the highway, it is a disaster, a serious threat to the traffic safety. This year, a month, a century of cold wave swept from North to south, and the snow blowing to Guangdong, but also to bear the blow To * * * * the highway. In January on the evening of 23, Lianping county city temperatures dropped to minus 2 degrees, a wide range of sudden rain sleet, before and after the provincial S341 line in Jiulianshan Mountain tunnel sections of the road appeared in the snow, lead to the passing vehicles skid, traffic is blocked. In the face of the sudden natural disasters, city and county highway department immediately launched the emergency plan for disaster prevention. As the front line of the main force, Lianping Highway Bureau of all Party members and cadres to remember the Party member responsibility, braving the biting cold wind, the first time rushed to the scene, on the icy pavement of salt disposal. Because the temperature is too low, just melt water immediately freezes, addition to the ice work to increase the difficulty. To ensure In addition to the re organization of the depths of the traffic safety, road people braved the icy put reflective cones and warning signs, endure cold at minus 2,3 of Jiulianshan patrols until one in the morning. Just before dawn, Lianping Highway Bureau personnel on the icy road salt ice melting processing until ten o"clock, ice melting ice success, the road gradually returned to normal traffic. In the cold winter night, which people do not miss the warm bed, which people do not miss the warm home. However, our highway on the road to the owners of the masses can go home early, the night fighting to secure the avoidance of the road safety and smoothness, fulfill their responsibility. Xi General Secretary Every Party member cadre cautioned against said: blacksmith needs self hard "." two regulations ", is our own hard standard test, more exercise every party members and cadres of the fire. We should continue to strengthen the party two regulations, conscientiously in practical work, practical play road, the road for the development of the cause of Heyuan and struggle.

In the industry domain report the situation of road traffic in recent years, in the province highway departments of the concern and support, our bureau management department based on the job, loyalty duty, best service, to further promote the highway management standardization, legal, scientific and information technology to improve the management level and service quality. This will be my last work is as follows: first, around the center, go all out to greet the seizure in 2015, "meet national examination" is my bureau work. As the highway management department, we focus on the work of the center to strengthen road renovation and management as the focal point, further optimize the service environment, improve service levels. Inspection, the inspection group and the Ministry of transport, the Bureau under the leadership of the ministries and agencies highly evaluated and fully affirmed. (a) increase road area remediation efforts. The programme of work, strengthen the organization and leadership. The timely development of the city of , along the road signs and markings, traffic safety facilities, on both sides of the green, advertising signs, control area illegal construction and implementation of remediation tasks to the relevant departments, clear work time of the node to ensure rectification work timely. Set up road area special rectification work leading group, implement a bureau, the Bureau of the county (District), the project road site domain environment comprehensive improvement Mechanism. To ensure that the work carried out smoothly, the bureau also organized the city road managers participated in the regulation of road region and the relevant laws and regulations of the special training. 2. Active butt joint is reported, actively strive for the support of. Local Party committee and government support is the job

As a magic weapon, I am one of the Bureau of the principal leaders repeatedly attack inspection "remediation and road area to the principal leaders of the municipal report. * * *, the Secretary of municipal Party committee, mayor * *, * * *, vice mayor of many times the rate of the relevant departments directly under the responsible person in-depth National Highway G105 line, G205 line, provincial S341 line and the other highway project site, on-site office, coordination solve engineering construction and environmental comprehensive renovation in the presence of difficulties and problems. Last year, national highway along the county (District) government led organizations deploy traffic, urban management, public security, land, environmental protection, industry and commerce, highways and other related departments, to carry out to dismantle illegal construction and ground structures, cleaning up illegal standard Records label "as the main content of the road domain integrated environmental remediation activities and achieved good results. 3. Pay attention to comprehensive management, improve the effectiveness of remediation. Road construction control management has been strengthened. According to the relevant provisions of the laws and regulations of the < Highway Law > and < highway safety regulations for the protection of > and so on, county * *, * * County People"s Government on highway construction control area were delineated and issue a public notice, * * County People"s government also approved by the executive meeting of the government through discussion, implementation of road boundary markers of 73 million yuan of special funds input, stake setting. According to statistics, last year the city has erected building control zone peg 820, construction control area boundary markers 815 . the second is highway greening and beautification work enhance the road area remediation effectiveness. Will highway greening and beautification work as road area remediation of a key, invite garden experts to guide the design of green, the implementation of high standards for ecological landscape highway activities to create, five years, I board greening mileage of more than 900 kilometers, appropriate road greening greening rate of 100%, effectively enhance the city road greening level and grade, adds a sharp scenery line for **********. Third, rectification of illegal construction and occupation of the road has been checked. By through the town, crossing the road on many occasions to carry out concentrated rectification actions, to clear the remnants of the wall, broken Archives of highways in strict accordance with the wall of building structures and the illegal deposits, remediation along the Jeeves, Jeeves placed advertisements and vehicle maintenance, car washing and other acts, standardize and purification on both sides of the highway billboards and other non road signs, I city of national and provincial highway basic elimination of the "dirty, chaotic, poor, blocking phenomenon, highway traffic environment purification, landscaping. (2) to strengthen the management on the basic data management. The level of the archives management regulations, formulate the < file management system >, the establishment of the road, the implementation of the file manager, file collection, filing, sorting, filing, confidentiality, custody, borrow, identification pin Destroy the standardization. 2, standardized management, enhance service image (a) evaluation system to further improve in order to strengthen and standardize guidance and assessment of each county (area) bureau of highways management work, the Bureau developed a . According to the provisions of the road approval procedures and processes to carry out road license, do according to the law, the license in accordance with the law, shall be subject to examination and approval of the. Implement the collective examination and approval, to strengthen supervision. Highways and approval of business implementation of technical review of administrative approval and separation, the audit focused on the more complex involved in the road licensing matters, collective decision-making, to improve the scientific nature of the road administrative examination and approval, reduce approval corruption risks. Second is to promote the In administrative permission of information technology to improve service quality. According to the and the ministries of the Provincial Bureau of the relevant documents, I board in front of the June 2015 completed the identification of law enforcement, law enforcement station appearance, clothing of law enforcement, law enforcement documents "four unification". (5) the AILU nursing atmosphere further formation of my bureau attaches great importance to the propaganda work of highway management "road awareness month" into , < highway Ann Quanbao supporting regulations > legal text, a total of 500 this. The second is to carry out "12.4" national legal advocacy day activities, the city road officers go deep among the masses interpretation of highway Highways Management laws, regulations and policy advocacy, analysis for illegal construction at both sides of the road, a typical case of illegal advertising management, showing public road construction and maintenance of highways The actual results of the management, the masses love protection consciousness and social awareness to further enhance the enforcement of highways.

In recent years, I board in the highway management work were some beneficial explorations and the attempt, and achieved initial results, but there is still a certain gap compared with requirements of the Provincial Bureau and other brothers City, we will to implement the party"s spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the opportunity, and further increase the intensity of road management work, and constantly improve the overall quality of the workforce and the ability to learn, and strive to achieve the new highway across.

Today the topic of democratic life will I talk about the main to correctly treat leave turn ensure transition delicate gas is understanding, to carry out criticism and self-criticism, in-depth to find problems, profound analysis of the causes, through self analysis to find their own existence problem, to correctly understand their own, strengthen the party spirit training, to ensure that the election of smoothly and successfully completed. Below I talk about their own situation, please put forward valuable opinion. Main understanding (a) serious discipline, to create a delicate gas is in the general environment in accordance with the Central Commission for discipline inspection organs, < of Organization Department of CPC Central Committee on strengthening the election of the notice of customs supervision >, municipal < on doing a good job City Township leadership transition in the notification > and county Party Committee Organization Department of the county Party Committee Organization Department < on the convening of the correct treatment leave turn ensure transition Fengqing gas is a feature of democratic life notice > files related to the spirit of the requirements, earnestly implement the "nine is prohibited, nine shall be" the solemn discipline, I earnestly study the < Chinese Communist Party principle of honesty and self-discipline >. < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations >, < promote leading cadre of some regulations >, < party and government leading cadres selection and appointment Regulations > and file, and a profound understanding of the nine is prohibited, a nine law "discipline essence and firmly safeguard the election of serious Ensure the unhealthy tendencies have successfully completed, and actively create a delicate gas is the election of environment, to ensure that the election, so as to further strengthen the town leadership and cadre team construction. Through the study, in-depth thinking, to a serious discipline the importance and necessity of a more profound understanding. First, it is the iron discipline. The central put forward the "nine is prohibited, nine shall be the reason for early serious general discipline, designated" high-voltage wire, "itself reflects the party committees at all levels of the reelection of attaches great importance to the objective is bright resolute attitude, the implementation of effective measures, the same candidate to fight with discipline election of wind Discipline in gas is health. Secondly, this is prevenient. From some typical cases, we can see that individual cadres election to engage in speculative hack canvassing votes, in violation of discipline, and ultimately paid a high price. The destruction of Hengyang election case and Nanchong canvassing bribery case that strengthen election discipline, serious election discipline of necessity and importance. The discipline of publicity to the public, wide report, that is, early warning, early hit precautionary needle, tell the cadres should do what shouldn"t do, what to do and what not to do, and better education of cadres, warning cadres, and build a strong line of defense, to avoid the occurrence of similar problems. There is duty. Serious discipline, with a strong team is an important starting point. As the leadership of the party members and cadres, take the lead in the implementation and take the lead in upholding the election of discipline, which is a major political responsibility. Must be clear requirements, strict constraints themselves, cherish the honor, safeguard the image of the organization; promote righteousness, play an exemplary role. Especially as deputy Township, but also to give a full play to its role, always stand in the discipline of first-line maintenance. The wind Su Ji through the election of the work of the whole process. (II) serious discipline, treat correctly leave turn as a cadre of the party, whether it is in, is back, stay, turn are organization

Metabolism of entrepreneurial career, need and development need. So, his first with a broad mind to treat "leave turn". The position is officer positions, power for the people service tools. Different positions of the party"s cause, plays a decisive role, the same important. To ability strong, style of comrade to important positions and applause, is full of vigor and vitality and promising young cadres in leadership and cheer for their own "leave turn" and calmly face, calm place. Second is to a healthy state of mind to treat "leave turn". The personnel of metabolic, between the past and the present. Cadre new old alternant, team, push In the party constitution control strict working to career development objective need, is never the end of the historical process. Each a cadre must face up to the laws of nature to think we also took the former relay baton "go on leadership post, regardless of the current positions, positions and responsibilities have what change, can do for peace of mind and mood, such as water, in a happy mood. (3) carefully and find out the problem, correct understanding of themselves, even though they do conscientious, serious attitude, honesty in politics, but high standard < >, the control standard, especially control learning, striving for excellent activities emerge in large numbers of advanced characters, advanced deeds Static not consciously practice the "strict three real" and strengthen the party spirit accomplishment to find the gap, swing is insufficient, a clear direction, mainly manifested in the following aspects: one is the learning initiative and self-consciousness. Often busy with work as an excuse, not consciously take the initiative to spare time to learn. Is often superior to learn what to learn what, and work closely to learn, and working relationship is not less to learn. Mainly manifested in the theoretical study is not thorough, system is not thorough, the Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and "Three Represents" important thought, the scientific concept of development and learning, general secretary of the series of speech learning, just from the surface on learning In the less less less and not deep enough, not from the deeper study, to study, to understand, to sentiment, to use, to guide the work. The second is to investigate the research. This year their participation in the county, the county government"s important meeting, the town Party work time is more, coupled with the specific affairs busy, in-depth primary research time reduced. The inspection was carried out research activities, there are surface examination, thematic research, listen to reports and discussion research, the general requirements and specific guidance, in a certain extent, affected the timely discovery and solve. Third is the level of leadership, leadership and need to be further improved. Stroke the personnel selection is positive, work coordination and cooperation can"t to the best effect; in the coordination to deal with some complex problems, the approach is not enough. Especially encountered, time is tight, the task is heavy, is often the soldiers to be blocked, the water to soil cover, struggling to cope with. The global and forward-looking innovation is not enough. (4) to ensure that the transition delicate gas selected loyal to the party loyal to the people of leading cadres (recommended) for the county to provide accurate information to ensure the transition in the air, after the general election of work have a greater change. The second is balanced, promote the work in an orderly manner. In the future a period of time, the transition will be in the county under the leadership of the Extended surface. And breeding industry and the construction of key projects also in actively, they have to seriously consider, overall transition and key projects to promote. Education team members and the town, village cadres actively participate in industry cultivate the work, with outstanding achievements to accept the assessment of test of the organization and the masses of the people, in the town set up promising is a strong general business and the right atmosphere general election, do election and projects to promote the two not mistake, the promotion of two. Second, the rectification measures

One is to enhance learning, awareness raising, he will continue to strengthen learning, improve the level of awareness, their own unity of thought and action to the county, township party committee of arrangements for the election. The second is correctly, strengthen discipline, own the right of transition, a matter of personal leave turn, as a town, deputy secretary of Party committee, themselves are fully aware of the only serious work, strict demands on themselves in order to not negative expectations of organizations and the masses, so that individuals can well deal with good transition in personal leave turn. Three people on the election promise as Deputy Secretary of the Party committee, in the election of my solemn commitment to Catch: if a is strictly abide by and take the lead in the implementation of the "nine is prohibited, nine" transition discipline, not to engage in cliques, not to engage in canvassing votes buying and selling, buying, and no fraud swindlers officer, do not intercede say hello, not illegal, not to run gas leak, do not interfere with changing times, accomplish strict discipline, warning, with iron discipline firmly put unhealthy trends, promote delicate gas to ensure transition in the healthy and orderly development; the second is resolutely obey organization arrangement, and resolutely to stress the party spirit, principle, discuss overall situation, correctly treat personal leave turn, the correct treatment the election results and focus on their careers, from start to finish, ensure the normal and orderly develop.

For in-depth study and implement the party"s eighteen, the eighth session of the fourth, the spirit of the fifth plenary session, the implementation of comprehensive strictly required, a solid grasp of the construction of Party member team, in accordance with the requirements of the county Party Committee Organization Department No. 3 (2016) Luo Zufa. According to the requirements of the < Chinese Communist Party Constitution > and the central work of education for the party members, combined with actual town, 2016 Party member education and training scheme is formulated. The guiding ideology adhere to a comprehensive study of implementing the scientific development view as guidance, in-depth study and implement the party"s eighteen, the eighth session of the fourth, fifth plenary session and the General Secretary Xi Jinping series important Speech adhere to the application for promoting learning, and strive to improve our ideological and political quality of Party members; firmly establish catch a party to build pipe must be members, tube members first catch education of ideological understanding, close to the Party member"s ideological and practical work, strive to build a party regular education work mechanism, promote the party members play a vanguard and exemplary role; firmly grasp the construction of ability of administration of strengthening the party, advanced nature and purity of construction of the main line, adhere to to enhanced grasp the party building work consciousness, strengthen the self construction of the party organizations as the fundamental starting point, for the town"s economic and social development provided for ideological and political guarantee of the strong and powerful organization guarantee. Second, target 201 The main task of 6 years of education and training of Party members is earnestly implement the (Luo Wei do [2015] 121) to further strengthen the work of the education and training of Party members request, to training the town, the grassroots party members and common. From 5 January 2016, through a variety of channels in a variety of forms in a planned, step by step, to focus on the organization to carry out the education and training of Party members. A party spirit idea generally enhanced. Through education and training, prompting the majority of Party members to further strengthen the ideal and faith, enhance the party concept, consciously practice the agency will socialist core value system. To further enhance the confidence of the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, theoretical system of self-confidence and confidence. (II) Party members working ability greatly improved. Through the development of education and training, to boost the knowledge structure of Party members transformation and upgrading, improve the party to use the Marxist stand, viewpoints and methods of analysis and problem solving ability, adapt to the new situation and new tasks. (3) play an effective role of Party member model. Through the development of training and education, promote the party members in theProduction, work, learning and service to the community in give full play to the exemplary vanguard role, and actively striving to take the lead in learning to improve and take the lead in striving for success, serving the masses to take the lead and lead law-abiding, take the lead in promoting the healthy atmosphere model. (4) the building of grassroots organizations strong impetus. Through the development of education and training, the Party member troop overall quality and ability to serve the people increased, grass-roots party organization"s creativity, cohesion and combat effectiveness of the improved. Contents and measures according to different type of the town, at different levels, the actual needs of the different positions of Party members, hierarchical class to carry out the education and training of Party members. Adhere to the town overall and please tutoring, please Come in and sent down the combination, to the party spirit education and ability cultivation as the center, overall constitution and discipline, the core value system, political theory, domestic and international situation in town situation, party organization construction, legal education, culture, science and technology, industrial development, management, resource management and protection, social management innovation in the aspects, to village (unit) as a unit, to all members of the organization a above rotation activities. Focus on Township and village committee cadres straight unit leading Party group secretary, activist of join or be admitted to the party, the education and training of village class mothball cadre training, efforts to strengthen the parties organization Secretary of party spirit accomplishment, do a good job of the consciousness of the party building work, enhanced the Party activist , people in rural areas to promote rural economic development of practical abilities. At the same time, through the development of the theme of practical training, autonomous learning training, make full use of the party members and cadres of modern distance education network etc., for the party members in various fields to carry out the classification of rotation, party spirit training, tobe grind quality, improve quality. Organizational Leadership (a) strengthen leadership, implement the responsibility. Town Party committee to the work of the education and training of Party members into the party building work important content, the overall responsibility of the Secretary of the Party committee, vice secretary of the lead and the implementation of specific members of the organization, the organizational Secretary of the parties to personally plan, personally deploy, supervise the implementation; the education and training of Party members to carry out into the grass-roots party Construction work responsibility system and the building of grassroots organizations special assessment, directly with the grass-roots party organizations Pingxianpingyou link, to strengthen the organization and leadership to do a good job of work to implement. (II) the overall progress, implement the plan. Ensure that the deployment, according to the arrangement of the 2016 Party member education and training plans, based on the actual needs of the party, on-demand rationing; do supervision and guidance, strengthen the supervision of the work of the education and training of Party members, guidance and services to help solve the difficulties and problems in the training; assessment, by listening to the report, information search, evaluation, etc., with emphasis on the assessment of the implementation of the plan, Party members to participate in training proportion and effect, indeed Protect task implementation. (3) the typical guide, step up publicity. Pay attention to cultivate advanced and typical, timely promotion and the typical experience of the characteristics of the practice. The work of the education and training of Party members as the focus of the grass-roots party building and the sector skills training for communication and advocacy, by setting the column, offering special journals and other forms of propaganda, to create a strong atmosphere of public opinion, promote the orderly conduct of the work and achieved certain results.

In order to further implement the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of major speeches about the party"s work style and clean government and anti-corruption struggle spirit and the central, province, city, County Commission for Discipline Inspection and the spirit of the plenary session, to further strengthen the awareness of the loyal party members and cadres, sense of purpose, sense of responsibility and a sense of discipline, boost the county"s economic and social development. In accordance with the ensemble [of Ji Qing 2016) spirit of the document No. 3, combined with my bureau actual, make this program of activities, and a theme of learning party discipline, strict discipline, boosting Qingshen development.

Second, activity time April 2016 1 - April 30, three, activity content (a) carry out party discipline learning activities. Global organization of cadres and workers to focus on learning, network learning, self-study and other forms of strengthen constitution < < the probity of the Communist Party of China self-discipline criterion "" Chinese Communist Party disciplinary Regulations >, < Xi Jinping on clean government and anti-corruption fight discusses excerpts > and other relevant information learning. Education for Party members and cadres to < code > < Regulations > as the ruler, combined with its work, measure, control and their own ideas and practical test, take the initiative to conduct Lianzheng is affirmatory consciously practice commitment, achieve the hearts of the party, Zun Jishou Confessions of readings of the Si > < confessions to carry out the hearts of the people, in the heart has the responsibility, in the heart has quit, maintain the party"s advanced nature and purity. (2) to carry out special warning education activities. In the global "read < > writing experience, the concept of warning education independent micro film > reflections, prisons and courtroom free" as the main content of the special warning education activities. Use of the weekly worker will focus to watch a warning education. The < >, cadres and workers to write their feelings, reflections, and the clean publicity column posted; 4 month global organization of Party members and cadres to the eyebrow delta prison visits to detainees xianshenshuifa education of cadres and workers With low-cost combined with special method. (3) to teach a class of anti-corruption initiate cheap course. By the leaders of anti corruption and financial supervision and administration of state-owned assets of explain the profound things in a simple way to explain, so that all staff of honest business, according to the law to act in a more profound understanding, so as to enhance staff"s sense of responsibility and sense of mission. (4) to promote innovation to help the family activities. To carry out the party members and cadres "motto, bright family traditions" activities for family education into harmony, filial piety, encouraging learning, goodness, thrifty, inspirational, cultivation of excellent genes to guide Party members and cadres to good tradition folk, with a good tradition being honest, with good tradition promote political winds, creating a delicate gas is the general atmosphere. Four activities (a) to strengthen leadership, careful organization. One is the establishment of the "independent warning education month" activities leading group of the state owned Financial Bureau, bureau leading Party group secretary of the leader, board members of the team to serve as deputy head. The second is making < County State Owned Financial Bureau independent warning education activities month scheme > determine promotional content, clear steps, truly understanding, measures, and put in place, ensure the effectiveness of the activities. (II) take all factors into consideration, pay attention to actual effect. According to "strict three real special education and" two studies do "activities, in based on the provisions of the action without aliasing, and creativity to carry out various forms, rich and colorful activities, and strive to Pay attention to actual effect, and resolutely prevent, going through the motions, really promote the party members and cadres from the depths of the ideological solidating abide by discipline regulations of the defence. (3) strengthening propaganda, to create atmosphere. To make full use of the column publicity, propaganda position of network, increase publicity efforts, expand warning education activities of the coverage and influence.

Today, we hold the city"s precise technology to poverty alleviation and project work to promote the meeting, the main purpose is to further promote the task of aiding the poor with technology roots and accelerate all kinds of scientific and technological projects. Last year, this year, the city"s scientific and technological work has made remarkable achievements, such as the convening of national poverty alleviation of science and technology on the spot will, cultivate high-tech enterprises, Bashan scholar training and the introduction of scientific and technical personnel incentives, listing national agricultural science and Technology Park, science and technology incubator building. Just now, Huangli In recent years city science and technology to help the poor and science and technology project effectiveness, the main problems were analyzed, and in a period of time in the future, the city"s precise technology to poverty alleviation and science and technology project work arrangements, I agree, I hope everyone to earnestly implement. Here, I stressed the three points.

Learning "learning", to carry out the "learning and doing" education as the city"s innovation and development of an important driving force. The Party Central Committee decided to 2016 years in all Party members to carry out learning the party constitution, party rules, a series of speech, do a qualified party member education (referred to as "learning to do"). Some time ago, I called the "learning the party constitution, party rules, a series of speech, do a qualified party member education and mobilization, the province carried out within the" two a "learning education mobilization. Municipal Party committee will soon be held a mobilization will make arrangements for the deployment. To carry out the" two a "study and education, based on" learning ", key in" do ". As the science and Technology Department of cadres and workers, to (benchmark for two pilot demonstration study through studying the party constitution of party compasses, a series of speech, not only to do a qualified party members, to do a good job of science and technology innovation. Next week, I as the city"s county-level leading cadres reading class open cooperation and innovation driven study group members went to Mianyang, Meishan national innovation driven development characteristics and the province"s Innovation Driven Development Zone work experience, a great harvest, feeling very deep. Mianyang, Meishan city innovation driven strength is very great, especially is Mianyang has become civil military integration, a comprehensive reform and innovation, our benchmarking in Mianyang, the gap is very large. Mianyang Science and technology city construction as the basis, built around the "Five" goal of building Hotbed of innovation of construction science and technology, military and civilian fusion demonstration, collecting and distributing center of scientific and technological achievements, innovative talents convergence and high technology industry concentration), vigorously promote to military and civilian fusion for the characteristics of comprehensive reform pilot innovation, and achieved remarkable results, is toward the national civil military integration innovation demonstration area, the national innovation driven development characteristics demonstration area and western economic development growth emerging great step forward. The expanding Park, stronger innovation platform; incubated enterprises, cultivate innovation; poly talent, to improve the ability of innovation; promoting fusion, highlighting the characteristics of the innovation; catch open, form innovation efforts of the experience is worth learning from. Benchmarking advanced, we have to struggling to The amount of weight is to grasp to catch the strategic innovation. To improve the target oriented system. The innovation actually placed in the core position, firmly establish the "grasping innovation development, seek innovation is to seek the future, innovation is not backward, slow innovation also will lag behind" concept, accelerate factor driven to innovation driven change. City Branch Bureau to actively seek the city management system emphasizing the innovation driven development, focus on strengthening the scientific and technological enterprise incubator construction, scientific and technological innovation platform, technology oriented small and medium-sized enterprises to cultivate, high and new technology industry output value and product evaluation. Second, we must built innovation and Entrepreneurship platform. The city will be in Pakistan and the open area to build the whole To confidence, "double center", the new industrial park for a period, the city public entrepreneurship Park Phase II, Qin Ba electricity supplier industry park for three period, incubation area of more than 50 million square meters. The county (District) to take advantage of idle assets of construction science and technology enterprise incubator, a passenger space and other new public record space, the formation of a, a, a, to create vivid situation. Third, we must foster technological innovation subject. To vigorously implement the "high and new technology enterprise doubling plan" and "science and technology oriented small and medium-sized enterprises to cultivate plan", to honor the implementation of tax incentives, financial subsidies, such as a package of policies to support, so that high technology enterprise "indomitable spirit", let the small and medium-sized enterprise "overwhelming". To increase investment in science and technology innovation. To actively seek special funds for the development of Municipal Science and technology part for cashing innovation drive the development of financial subsidy policy, transfer a portion of funds for science and technology enterprises of loan guarantees and interest subsidies. Encourage banking institutions set up science and technology branch of the franchise, push the patent pledge loan, for the small and medium sized enterprises of science and technology provide financing services tailored. Fifth, we must strengthen science and technology personnel. To attract more technology military personnel and high-end talent with technology, project, with funds to Bazhong Lingban or joint science and technology enterprises, encourage and support both inside and outside the citycomrades and the5 years of college graduates and college students to a new public space, science and technology business incubator innovation and entrepreneurship.

Second, it is necessary to promote the precision technology poverty alleviation as the important content of the scientific and technological work. To build a well-off society in an all-round way by 2020 is the party"s eighteen to the whole Party and the people throughout the country to make a solemn commitment. Lead the city people out of poverty to become rich go straight towards well-off, Party committees at all levels, political responsibility and mission of the times of the government"s major political, technology sector is also the bounden responsibility. Municipal three tenth plenary session made < on the go all out win battle poverty alleviation and development to ensure synchronous completion of a comprehensive well-off society decided >, proposed to further promote the "five a group of" precise action to help the poor, "six precision" and "1 + 6" poverty alleviation projects, clear the "add Great science and technology achievement transformation efforts, accelerate the construction science and technology poverty demonstration village and demonstration households, give full play to the role of modern information network, for the impoverished village poor households to provide production technology, market information, policy advice, encourage scientific and technical personnel to the poor village launched a to one helping and guiding the development of income industrial projects, strengthen technical training and propaganda of popular science, highlighting grasp large breeding, family farmers, agricultural co-operatives are the backbone of the training "technical poverty alleviation mission. The city"s science and technology sector must be from the political height, the assault fortified positions that help deficient up as the most important task, the most urgent work. The most arduous mission, to science and technology for precise poverty alleviation promote to speed up a well-off society in an all-round way Decision to deploy, boost the process to precise technology to poverty alleviation and the effectiveness of a well off society in an all round way. One should obey the overall situation. The city"s scientific and technological system of cadres and workers, especially leading cadres, should have the political consciousness, ideological conscious action conscious, in accordance with the central, provincial and municipal deployment requirements, to strengthen the organization and leadership, reasonable arrangement of time, carefully study the deployment, to ensure poverty. There must be resolutely implement the political position and character, poverty alleviation and the attitude to be distinctive, poverty alleviation action should be strong, to politics, to understand the overall situation, re implementation, see results. To lock the target. In accordance with the provincial Party committee and the municipal Party committee, municipal government, lock 2 provincial-level General requirements for the completion of the goal of poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation and Technology Demonstration County, four provincial science and technology demonstration towns, 10 provincial science and technology demonstration village and a municipal science and technology demonstration area, 2 Municipal Science and technology demonstration towns, five municipal science and technology demonstration village and the "five one" precise technology to poverty alleviation and special operations tasks, inverted duration, wall chart battle, set the time, tasks, measures, staff, given the responsibility to ensure high quality precision technology poverty alleviation task. To focus on the key. To focus on precise poverty and accurate out of poverty, detailed measures, clear job responsibilities, to develop targeted and operable precise technology to implement poverty alleviation program. Prominent precise poverty technical training, poor village informatization construction, technology oriented poverty reduction model village and demonstration households construction precision technology poverty alleviation focus, in a precise sense, precise attitude, precise style, go all out to fight the precise technology of poverty alleviation and battle.

Three, it is necessary to strengthen science and technology funds supervision as an important means to enhance the quality of the project. Science and technology project fund supervision is the key to the implementation of the project of science and technology. In recent years, especially during the "Twelfth Five Year Plan" period, the system of science and technology management in the city vigorously to declare the implementation of the country and province science and technology projects, science and technology demonstration lead brought obvious effect and improve the scientific and technological innovation capability of enterprises, boosting the characteristics and advantages of industrial development, science and technology support to the economic and social leading role improved significantly. In the project management of science and technology, in addition to seriously implement the state, provincial science and technology project management rules and regulations, and the actual Bazhong, established the access system of science and technology projects, the project of science and technology commissioner system, science and technology Project credit system and scientific and technological projects honest commitment system, and the Municipal Finance Bureau jointly issued the > < Bazhong City Science and technology development funds management approach, formulated the "trilogy of seven" science and technology project implementation specification, these are worth fully affirmed. However, we should also see clearly, we in the science and technology project management still exist "account of the special accounts, earmarking system is no effective implementation and other issues. In particular, this year the Audit Commission Chengdu Tepai ban on Bazhong confidence found in the audit of science and technology business incubatorProblem has certain representativeness. The audit to us sounded the alarm, should cause everyone vigilance. Here, I will strengthen science and technology project budget supervision put forward four requirements: a strict project reporting, prevent fraud. Implementation of the project to declare the competition mechanism, the annual financial support to science and technology projects oriented society Bulletin, conditions open content, open competition to declare, open field investigation, public presentations, the public assessment of the decision, do full open and transparent, fair, accept social supervision. To those who resort to deceit or something real is not clear, suspected of defrauding, impersonator national subsidy funds, once found immediately cancel Declaration of qualification, recovery of funds subsidy and discipline in accordance with the law strictly held responsible. Second, we must innovation funds supervision. In county finance to establish science and technology project "account", the project undertaking entity in accordance with the key nodes task completion by formal invoice to apply for funding and audited by the Department of science and technology, the Ministry of finance funds, and resolutely put an end to project funds are retained, misuse and misappropriation. Third, we need to strengthen scientific and technological project supervision. Department in charge of science and technology to strengthen project inspections to check or checks, of ineffective implementation to strengthen the supervision and the existence of violations of responsibility into the project undertaker rectification. To establish a scientific and technological project, "black list" system, the Project implementation quality particularly poor recorded in the "black list", stage or permanent abolition of the applicant country, province, city science and technology project qualification. Fourth, it is necessary to carry out training funds management. Science City Bureau to the initiative to meet with the finance department, organize project unit commitment held science and technology project funds management training, of country, provincial and municipal science and technology project funds management of the relevant policies, financial acceptance specification, mid supervision points, budget review points and key contents were training system, to ensure the use of project funds safe and reasonable.

Thank you all!

To implement the central, provincial, city and county to make important decision about the grass-roots party construction work in the deployment, push forward the county public security organs in the work of Party building, further strengthen the party secretary of the governing party and party liability, according to < of the Organization Department of CPC Committee of Xuchang County on the issuance of the "counties as well as the authority of Party building debriefing appraisal implementation solutions" notice > requirements, according to the arrangement of the Bureau of the party work. Today, the organization held the county public security organs party secretary grasping grass-roots party construction work in the debriefing will. The implementation of this is a powerful measure to the Secretary of the party organization construction of the party,, and is learning to carry out the party"s spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the, grasp the new situation of Party building work under the rules, pushing Public security party building services in the public security center of the inevitable requirement.

Just now, the 3 Juzhu unit Party branch secretary of debriefing, below I on the 3 party organization work one by one review.

Party branch of the Political Department

Good: first, strengthen ideological and political work, pay close attention to the work of the implementation. The Political Department of the Party branch strictly in accordance with the requirements of bureau Party committee, to "strict three real special education as the main line, take effective measures, pay close attention to the ideological and political work of the implementation, strengthen the education of Party members and the police thought, improve the Police Ideological and political consciousness, make a solid foundation for public security work smooth development of health. Second, strict management team, boost the morale of the team. Strict implementation of Police Ideological Trend of periodic analysis, timely grasp the ideological situation of the personnel; strictly implement the system of check on work attendance, strengthen the daily management; cash rewards and punishments, continue to boost the morale of the team. The third is The intensification of police training, improve the police actual combat skill. Seriously and actively carry out a series of training activities and < Henan public security network, > learning activities, the majority of police in the political quality, physical quality, professional quality, policing skills improved. The fourth is to adhere to the preferential treatment from the police, the warm pool police. According to thRequirements, and actively do a good job of personnel management work, to run within the scope of the policy, help the police solve the practical difficulties, the police systemic heart into work. The fifth is strengthening propaganda, promote righteousness. Around the center of the public security work, actively do a good job in the publicity, fully display the spirit of good public security team. Six is to fulfill the responsibility of Party building, do a good job of education and management of Party member team. Sound and perfect "three class", Party of democratic appraisal, commendation and reward system, effectively enhance the branch of the creativity, cohesion and fighting capacity.

Shortcomings: is ideological and political work still can not adapt to the new situation, new task, in the form of a single, innovation is not enough, lack of learning education of the appeal and study the effect of education needs to be improved, the political department to strengthen the guidance to the grass-roots units. The second is the branch of organizational life will implement the is not good enough to play an exemplary role.

Traffic Police Brigade Party branch

System of good practice: one is grasping the implementation of the work of Party building system, enhanced branch team cohesion, combat force. The brigade Party branch always pay close attention to the work of Party building and would not let go, conscientiously perform their duties, strict implementation of democratic life etc., to develop the branch of learning plan, all equipped with learning record the experience and experience the and organize regular inspection learning, ensures that the learning plan, implement, effect. Second is to carry out the "strict three real special education. The development of special education learning scheme, held a party branch focus on learning and the level of consultation forum, deputy director in charge of, brigade leader for the party members and the police on the lectures, deployed to carry out Ban Zicheng throughout the Yan Zhenchang Yang Shuicai to relive the oath to join the party, visit the memorial hall, learning advanced characters, micro lectures attention and learning characteristics of the activities, and to develop measures for rectification. Three is to pay attention to the party building work into the public security work. The brigade Party branch and always will be the work of Party building in 9.3 security, national civilized city re examination, the SCO security meeting, the focus of illegal investigation, "sword", "anti terrorist violence, to ensure safety", "five wave", "camp turn non bus", "detoxification", the focus of the work, in a timely manner to carry out the pre war mobilization, wartime dynamically judged, the post-war award in recognition of a series of measures Members always fighting in the first line of traffic management, all traffic police has always maintained a high state of mind, a strong impetus to the work carried out.

Shortcomings: first, there is a "hand hard and soft" phenomenon. Of work of Party building under the new situation is not enough emphasis, focus on light business building, re form light effects. The second is measures are not enough effective. In particular, catch a party to build working innovation consciousness is not strong, measures and methods used in the experience of the old, old practices and effectiveness needs to be further strengthened. The third is three lesson "not very good insist, life of the party organization to carry out less often.

Zhao police station Party branch

Good practice: one is to strengthen the study and education. To "strict three real special education as an opportunity to take leadership lectures, seminars, individual learning, exchange of experience in various forms, the police organization learning leaders at all levels of the spirit of the important speech, < > in the constitution as well as the side of corruption cases and asked party members and the police carefully recorded study notes, writing experiences, join and pay attention to the micro lectures, according to the control requirements of inspection, enhance their own, to ensure that the learning effect. The second is to strengthen the leadership responsibility. Party branch secretary as the first responsibility of honest government, earnestly implement the" four person ", and insisted on the" important work personally Department Department, major issues personally intervene, personally key aspects of coordination, supervision of important cases personally ", Party branch members always strict demands on themselves, play an exemplary role model. Third, strengthen the service for the people. Every act of the masses for the warm reception, carefully recorded masses anti reflect each a problem, and make the resistancee bureau Party committeeHeart to answer, and constantly improve the quality of service. Combined with the "one village, one police work, police organization carefully touch row all may affect the stability of the unstable factors, resolve conflicts and disputes, and arrange for the police with daily visits, issued security leaflets, collecting sites, personnel information, promote the harmony police.

Existing problems: a party branch team party affairs knowledge is not rich enough, on some of the procedural provisions are not familiar with, in a certain extent restricted the work carried out. The second is regular ideological education is not deep enough, the ideological trends of the police command is not timely and accurate. Third, there is a need to improve the management level of refinement, police standardization awareness is not strong enough, daily habit is not quite self-conscious.

Since this year, bureau unit Party branch to "strict three real special education as the main line, to the service center, troop construction as the focus, adhere to the combination of ideological building of the party and the system of the party, solid to carry out the comprehensive strictly required, to further standardize the construction of the party organization, continuously improving the quality of Party members and police, continue to strengthen the party building innovation, service building execution significantly improved, has made remarkable achievements.

Meeting debriefing of 3 units in the work of Party building problems in other units are also different degrees of existence to other units by the party building debriefing, draw on the experience of face the problem, replicability, careful analysis of rectification, promote the sustained and healthy development of the work of Party building units.

Below, to further strengthen the county public security organs party building work stressed the views of five points.

One, improve the ideological understanding, enhance the sense of political responsibility and historical mission

Follow the basic construction of the party"s eighteen years, Xi Jinping, general secretary: the series of important speech to the party put forward many new ideas, new judgment, the new requirements is to promote grass-roots party building work. We should thoroughly study and understand, and consciously assume responsibility. One is to grasp the party building "three questions" of the new requirements. Xi, general secretary of the party"s mass line education practice summary of the General Assembly on the proposed the construction of "three questions, namely:" is not the party committees at all levels and the departments of Party committees (party) to achieve the sedulous catch a party to build is not at all levels of Party committee secretary, the Department of the party committees (party) secretary become strictly administering the party secretary? Is not at all levels and all departments of the party Forced the construction of Party committees (party) members to fulfill the responsibilities strictly responsibility? "General Secretary of the party building" three questions ", directed at the crucial point, enlightening, three mirror placed in front of everyone, let you according to a photo, see a look, want to think about the conscious of it, is the three pieces of papers placed in front of us, it is clear to judge ourselves whether in to do their duty. Building" three questions ", urge people to watch, thought-provoking, and convey a strong responsibility to ask signal. The second is to understand the building" three no "new judgment. Xi, general secretary of the party"s mass line education practice summary congress pointed out that" history and reality Are accounted for in the police forces of discipline, do not do, is to stop the event tells us, not a clear responsibility to implement the responsibility, accountability, and strictly administering the party is not to ". General Secretary of the" three no ", a clear responsibility to implement the responsibility, accountability, and point out the key. The county public security organs is a team of the Communist Party as the main body, Party members and the vast majority of bureau of belonging to different units of the leadership cadres and backbone of the party members, the power and responsibility are relatively concentrated in the party"s construction, must be clear responsibilities, the implementation of responsibility, accountability, or catch a party to build is an empty word. Three is to clear the" three grasping "new initiatives. The total learning book Remember that catch a party to build must grasp the responsibility system, grasping accountability must grab the responsibility person, grasping the responsibility must catch the first responsible person. Why should we let the Bureau unit Party branch secretary of the debriefing is to implement general secretary put forward "3 catch". To seize the party organization"s primary responsibility, seize the key issue.

Two, the full implementation of the task of ideological construction, the theory of armed tasks implementedGeneral Secretary Xi Jinping in the mass line of educational practice summary congress put forward in the new period party building thought of tasks and requirements, to strengthen the construction of the Party pointed out the direction and path. One is to strengthen theoretical study. The urgent task is to fully understand the study and implement the spirit of the fifth plenary session of the eighth session of the significance of, the organization of Party members and the police through the focus on learning, self-study and special counseling and other forms of serious in-depth learning, adhere to the first step in learning, deep layer, accurately grasp the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, and do the thinking and learning gains, use it. The second is to strengthen the party spirit temperance. Adhere to the school party constitution. Through the center of the group learning. Secretary of the party organization about lectures and other forms of learning the party constitution, enlightenment spirit, guide Bureau unit Party branch and all members of the police to firmly establish the consciousness of the party. Persist in learning advanced. Vigorously carry forward the spirit of Jiao Yulu, Yang Shuicai spirit, seriously study the advanced deeds of Comrade Yan Zhenchang, deep fine shine Dusing the police party guided, to strengthen public opinion and public servant consciousness, consciously practice the "strict three real. The third is to strengthen the party and Party discipline education. For the ideological construction of the party faces new tasks, new requirements, the emergence of many new problems, new situations, and actively take the initiative to adapt to the constantly emancipate the mind, innovative ways, making use of the Internet, micro channel, micro Bo new platform for new, enrich the content of education, improve education forms, the constant reminder education, enhance the police Party discipline in awe, guide Party members and the police do political understanding discipline about the rules of the leaders. The fourth is to strengthen the ideological and moral education. Guide the party police exemplary practice the socialist core values, cultivate good political and moral character, professional ethics, family virtue and morality, forming a strong atmosphere of moral construction. Pay attention to strengthen the positive guidance to the police party ideology, adhere to the diversification of the social ideology guided by the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics, improving and perfecting the Party members and the police thought The dynamic analysis of mechanism, providing an ideological guarantee for the purity and firmness of team members.

Three, fully implement the strict requirements, the management and administration of the party"s responsibility to implement

General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed that to implement strictly the responsibility, do a good job of Party building as the biggest achievement. Therefore, in my bureau implement comprehensive strictly required must be the party tube responsible party implemented. First, to further implement the responsibility system in Party building. To establish and improve the party building responsibility assessment mechanism, at the beginning of the year to progressively signing party builds working target responsibility book. Party organizations at all levels is mainly responsible for comrades to do a good job of Party building as the greatest achievements, adhere to the development wholeheartedly for, to concentrate its attention on the construction of the party, the party building work is included in the agenda, and business to work with the deployment, with checks, with the implementation of, true to form Party grasping, Secretary to take the lead in efforts, in charge of the leadership Specific catch, catch a, layers of implementation pattern of Party building work. Is to improve the reporting and appraising system. In accordance with the "debriefing the party building, the appraisal rating of Party building, Party building assessment test, use of cadres at request of the party", CF county Party debriefing practice, and constantly improve the annual party built debriefing appraisal system, in particular, to the year debriefing appraisal evaluation and annual comprehensive examination closely together, the party builds the job evaluation results into the leading bodies and leading cadres of the annual comprehensive assessment system, strengthen the use of dynamic management and results of debriefing appraisal work, further enhance the debriefing appraisal of scientific, effective and directive The new integration business. Three is to improve the "three class" system. "Three class" system is to improve the party"s organizational life, strict party member education management system, we must do a good job in the implementation and long-term persistence. According to "the party secretary of the organization lectures", "party members and cadres micro lectures and Thematic Party Day activities, innovation" three class "form, rich" three class "content, pay attention to the work of Party building with the public security work, the formation of" the same resonance frequency, the linkage of communion "party organization life situation. At the same time, the" three class "system implementation of join or be admitted to the party organization committee debriefing appraisal of important content, strict grasp the" three class "system Real.

Four, strict political discipline and political rules.

Guide all Party members and the police in ideological political action always as the general secretary of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping highly consistent, involved in major political principle, political stand, political views and other issues, we must be sober, stand firm. Guide the members of the civilian police to strengthen the sense of organization, determined to do the individual is subordinate to the organization, the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, and the whole party to the Central Committee. Some time ago, I held a party enlarged meeting, focus on adherence to the party"s political discipline and political rules of thematic theory study, I at the meeting for the feelings to speak. I understand, party a concept of organization, can not see Party, touch not. According to the materialistic point of view, the material determines consciousness, existence determines consciousness, consciousness is the objective things in the brain to reflect, then, how to prove that the party"s existence? Like the current, can not, can not be touched, but through the wire carrier, connect power supply, the electric light, the motor is running, it is proved that the current existence. Similarly, the party is by living every Party member, every Party member, speech and action of the carrier, reflecting party. Party is a whole, in order to normal operation, each party members according to their personality characteristics. Academic knowledge, professional knowledge, hobbies, physical condition, age, work experience, work experience and other comprehensive evaluation, main task of the division of labor and in jointly do a good job in party work, is mainly responsible for the Division I business, then in my division of work, in the Party committee collective discussion by, decision, foreign, on every level of members can to bureau of the party in the name and identity delivered a speech, the organization of work. In specific work, in the higher Party committees have clear provisions of the spirit, in accordance with the spirit of the documents of ranking Party committee, combined with my work of the division of labor, on behalf of the bureau Party committee put forward their views and suggestions. Since Party members according to the higher Party committees to the spirit of the document can be Bureau on behalf of the party organization of work, then the behavior has party authority and seriousness, we should respect them and be with, give support, cannot according to personal preferences, personal understanding and awareness, regardless of the occasion, in broad daylight, in meetings, especially in the lower front of, guilty of liberalism, published the higher Party committees have been expressly prohibited speech, also cannot euphemistically called the personal point of view; regardless of party image and personal image, irresponsible, gossip, just open the river, grumble, grumble about; even, sarcastic ridicule, sarcasm, oblique accusations, make people Hold the most stringent start speech, personal attacks, vent personal grudge; more even, with ulterior motives, ulterior motives; fan Yin breeze, will-o "- the wisp, deliberately and party dissension and discord, rumors spread, the spread of division, and the party and the people, the hearts of the people, the decline of morale. This kind of behavior is the party"s discipline are not allowed, from my start, from the members of the Party committee member, once, who despite the party discipline, drunk, behind, the key moment, in violation of the party"s political discipline, political rules and wait for the party discipline. We must strictly comply with the implementation of the central and superior party committee has clearly defined, does not allow bargaining, unconditional obedience, unconditional , does not allow a discount, or disguised discount. In addition. We want to strictly enforce the system of democratic life of the party, Party of democratic life, it is necessary to carry out criticism and self-criticism, is between the members of the Party committee of the mutual criticism, remind each other, will not do not speak, gossiping afterwards. Guide Party members and the police strictly request reporting system, regularly party members to execute the political discipline of political rules situation analysis judged and thematic summary, constantly enhance political of the political life of the party, the principle and militancy.

Five, comprehensively improve the scientific level of Party building, the task of the party building

To enhance the scientific level of the construction of the party is our party according to the worldly affairs, national and the new changes and new challenges of the party put forward the major issue is effective to deal with the four test ", resolve the pressing requirement of" four big risk "is the only way to maintain and develop the party"s advanced natuStep is to strengthen the party"s cohesion, attraction and the fighting power of the inevitable choice. Under the new situation, it is necessary to apply the law of the ruling party construction of Marxism, according to the basic requirements of maintaining the party"s advanced nature, continue to study new situations, solve new problems, sum up new experience, make the party building in scientific orbit continues to advance. One to focus, efforts to lay a solid foundation. Continue to carry out the "two hit" activities, accurately grasp strictly required new rules and characteristics of the work of Party building under, deepening grass-roots increase of basic party organization and Party member quality upgrade plan. Continue to carry out the window units vanguard party post, window model building activities, and continuously Enhance the party members and the police involved in activities to create enthusiasm. Increase of Party organizations and Party members advanced typical advocacy training efforts to become a "sign", "evergreen tree". To broaden the party serving the masses channels, construction of Party members contacting and serving the masses work system, make the Party member to become truly keep in mind the purpose, advanced elements of the heart of the masses. Establish and improve incentives within the party, care, helping mechanism, we do care and love grassroots cadres, old party members, difficult life member. In order to promote the party construction services, continue to carry out "party members and counterpart assistance" live and on-the-job Party member volunteer service activities. Second, we must strengthen management, efforts to enhance the party members Quality, and conscientiously implement < the Communist Party of China the development of Party Work Rules >, adhere to strict standards, rigorous training, strict procedures, strict regulation and control, and continuously improve the quality of Party members, optimize the structure of Party member team. Strengthening of different kinds of police, the classified management of Party members in different positions, through the implementation of target management of Party members, record management, star rating etc. ways to strengthen the education of Party members, management and service work. Adhere to the mass appraisal, solid and effective to carry out members of the public commitment, no post party post duty activities, give full play to the role of Party members. Actively introduce the Internet +, by means of information to strengthen the education and management of the party members and make full use of "Xuchang male Ann party building network "," peace of Xuchang, Communist Party members, Liancheng micro lectures and other network platform to strengthen the education and training of Party members. Three to strict requirements, efforts to improve the party"s style of work. To build a first-class units, to create a first-class team, cultivate first-class style, create first-class performance as the goal, combined with learning from the advanced models, and effectively solve the police party in the party spirit, moral character, style and ability existing prominent problems; adhere to the lead austerity, oppose extravagance and waste, and oppose formalism, bureaucratism and seriously practice the "strict three real, establish a good style of work; earnestly implement the" eight insist, eight against ", advocate diligence Excited to learn and apply what they have learned, the heart of the masses, serve the people, grab get right on the job really, and to ensure the effectiveness of, hard work, thrift, the overall situation, curried, develop democracy, solidarity work, impartially and with the right of honesty in politics, life is decent, healthy interest in eight aspects of good atmosphere, promote the county public security organs party political construction has made new achievements. Fourth, it is necessary to produce battle fort effect. Party organizations at all levels to grasp the practical to the center of the public security work service key links, adhere to the completion of difficult and perilous task as the main battlefield of the work of Party building, the more encountered serious incidents, major rescue mission, a major security tasks, the more you want to play the party organization The role of core, and earnestly do a good job before the war mobilization, wartime motivation, war veteran and so, truly party members and cadres to fight to where, the life of the party organization will extend to where, the role of fighting bastion of the party organizations play where, reflecting the party building work to promote and protect the power.

Comrades, in the circumstances to promote comprehensive strictly new situation, the Party Central Committee and the Party committee of a higher level of the construction of the party proposed the new, higher requirements, the work of Party building task is arduous, the glorious mission, rare opportunity. Let us to the debriefing meeting as a starting point, in the Bureau of the party"s correct leadership, conscientiously study and implement the series of important speech of General Secretary Xi Jinping, spirit and the party"s spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth, thoroughly implement the comprehensive strictly required, continue to carry forward the party"s fine tradition, hearten spirit, do solid work, the enterprising spirit, selfless dedication, to continue to create the county public security organs of Party building work in the new situation, to maintain social stability to ensure Successful completion of the task,re, also is aPromote public security undertakings flourish, for the construction of a beautiful and happy Xuchang county to make new and greater contributions!

Carry out the party building debriefing appraisal work, implement the central and provincial Party committee, the municipal Party committee and comprehensively promote the strictly deployment requirements, implement strictly the responsibility, tamp the foundation of Party Construction of major initiatives. Public security organs as the party"s absolute under the leadership of the democratic dictatorship force, as the party and the people in the hands of the "hilt" must to strengthen the work of Party building and walk in the forefront, and make an example. From just four of the Secretary of the party organization debriefing situation, the party organization of debriefing of Party building and ideological work attaches great importance to prepare more fully, in the debriefing process, say achievements do not exaggerate, speak the problem does not cover, emphasize not vanity about rectification, truly realistic. Offer as Political Bureau Director comments, targeted strong, closely with the practical assessment highlights outstanding characteristics, ask clear, point out of the results, points out the problems and points out the pressure. This is not only a debriefing meeting and Party building the responsibility to implement, today the debriefing, to do a good job of new period party building work will play a very good role in promoting. Next, according to the city bureau Party Committee on Party building work on the arrangements, Bai chief commissioned by combining city Bureau of Party building work of new requirements, borrow this opportunity to revisit four points. To improve the ideological understanding, enhance the sense of responsibility and historic mission, the party"s eighteen years, Xi Jinping, general secretary Follow the construction of a series of important speech to the party put forward many new ideas, new conclusions and new requirements, the grass-roots party building work. We should thoroughly study and understand, and consciously assume responsibility. One is to grasp the party building "three questions" of the new requirements. Xi, general secretary of the last 10 August, the party"s mass line education practice summary of the General Assembly on the proposed the construction of "three questions". That is: "is not the party committees at all levels and the departments of Party committees (party) to achieve the sedulous catch a party to build is not at all levels of Party committee secretary, the departments of Party committees (party) secretary become strictly administering the party secretary? Is not at all levels and all departments of Party committees (party) Forced members to fulfill the responsibilities strictly responsibility? "General Secretary of the party building" three questions ", directed at the crucial point, enlightening, three mirror placed in front of everyone, let you according to a photo, see a look, want to think the self-knowledge; is the three pieces of papers placed in front of us, it is clear to judge ourselves whether the party"s construction to do their duty. Building" three questions ", urge people to watch, thought-provoking, and convey a strong responsibility to ask signal. The second is to understand the building" three no "new judgment. Xi, general secretary of the party"s mass line education practice summary congress pointed out that" history and reality, especially the Are substantially more than 80% of the discipline to move tells us, clear responsibility, fulfil responsibility, accountability, and strictly administering the party is not to ". General Secretary of the" three no ", clear responsibility, fulfil responsibility, accountability, and point out the key. The city public security organs is a member of Communist Party as the main body of troops and members accounted for total number of civilian police, the Bureau of belonging to various departments of leading cadres and backbone of the party members, the power and responsibility are relatively concentrated in the party"s construction, must be clear responsibilities, the implementation of responsibility, accountability, or catch of Party construction is empty. Three is to clear the" three grasping "new initiatives. Xi, general secretary of the strong , catch a party to build must grasp the responsibility system, grasping accountability must catch responsibility, grasping the responsibility must catch the first responsible person. Why should we let Jushu unit party secretary to the party organization at the next higher level debriefing is to implement general secretary put forward "3 catch". To seize the party organization is mainly responsible person, seize the key problem. Second, it is necessary to improve the work of Party building system, the system construction is to strengthen the party building work of public security is an important guarantee. To through the scientific development of the system, improve the system, execution system and make the system become a hard bound, continue to promote the public security work of Party building standardization. One is to further implement the responsibility of Party BuilSystem. It is necessary to establish and improve Party building responsibility assessment mechanism, at the beginning of the year to progressively signing party builds working target responsibility book. Party organizations at all levels is mainly responsible for comrades to do a good job of Party building as the greatest achievements, adhere to the development wholeheartedly for, to concentrate its attention on the construction of the party, the party building work is included in the important process, and business to work with the deployment, with checks, with the implementation of, true to form Party grasping, Secretary to take the lead in efforts, leaders in charge of specific grab, grab a level, layers of implementation pattern of Party building work. The second is improve the debriefing appraisal system. In accordance with the "debriefing the party building, the appraisal rating of Party building, Party building assessment test, the use of cadres at request of the party", the Secretary of the party debriefing contrast do Law, and constantly improve the annual party debriefing appraisal system, especially to the annual debriefing appraisal evaluation and annual comprehensive examination closely together, the party builds the job evaluation results into the leading bodies and leading cadres of the annual comprehensive assessment system, strengthen the use of dynamic management and results of debriefing appraisal work, further enhance the debriefing appraisal of scientific, effective and oriented. Third, improve the "three will be a lesson system." three class system is to improve the life of the party organization, strict management of Party member education system must do a good job in the implementation, insist for a long time. According to the "Secretary of the party organization lectures", "Party cadres Implementation of integrating micro lectures and theme day activities, innovation "three class" form, rich "three class" content, pay attention to the work of Party building with the public security work, the formation of "the same resonance frequency, the linkage of communion" party organization life new situation. At the same time, the "three class" of the implementation of join or be admitted to the party secretary of the organization debriefing appraisal of the important content, strict grasp the "three class" system. To strengthen the education of Party members, improve Party member of party spirit idea and political consciousness. Xi General Secretary profoundly pointed out: "firm ideal and faith are the legal team of political soul must be the ideal and belief education in political and legal team construction of the first , constantly playing firmly hold high the banner, command of the party, loyalty to the mission of the ideological foundation. "The city"s public security organs is a with Communist Party members for the disciplined subject, Party members accounted for more than 80% of the total number of civilian police, bureau of belonging to different departments of leading cadres and backbone basically is a party member, do a good job in the construction of Party member team, will seize the fundamental construction of public security team. We must seize the political construction of the police as the core, adhere to the party for public security work absolute leadership this fundamental principle, put the ideal and belief of party spirit education in a more prominent position, to ensure that the Party member troop absolute loyalty, absolutely pure, absolutely reliable. To adhere to the theory of armed, serious organization And adherence to the in-depth study of the majority of Party members and the party"s basic theory, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the series of important speech spirit, education of Party members and the party"s political discipline and political rules, and consciously in accordance with the party constitution and party political life standards to regulate their own words and deeds, so that discipline, rules, listen to say hello, do in the party party, the party worry about the party, the party for the party, the party retaining the party, and always in the ideological and political action and to Xi Jinping as general secretary of the Central Committee of the party remain highly consistent, consciously do the party"s loyal guards of the masses of the people caring people. To build a strong base layer organization, strengthen grass-roots party organization"s cohesive force and fighting force. To strengthen the basic level party organization construction Is the key to the target is doing a good job of Party building work of the important basis and guarantee. To optimize the organizational settings. In accordance with the ease of Party members to participate in activities for Party organizations play a role in principle, reasonable norms of the party organization, Party organizations at the grassroots level full coverage, to ensure that each party members into the party organization in Party activities, organization and management, the organization of care, to accept the supervision of the organization, and actively play a role. Second, we must pay close attention to the team construction. Catch team, with the team party building is an important content and basic level party organization team with members shall complete, clear division of labor, responsibility implementation, implementation of post management. With a good team with a strong Party Secretary , to effectively strengthen the Secretary of the party organization is the Party of person of the first responsibility, sense of responsibility, the responsibility system to prevent "party construction task of Party building, Party building work and business two skins" phenomenon. Third, we need to play good battle fort action. Party organizations at all levels to effectively seize as a key link in the center of the public security work service, adhere to thedingTo the completion of difficult and perilous task as the main battlefield of the work of Party building and the encounter major emergencies and major rescue mission, a major security tasks, the more you want to play the core role of Party organizations, and earnestly do a good job in the pre war mobilization, wartime motivation, postwar entitled work truly where the battle of Party members and cadres, the party"s organizational life extended to where, the role of fighting bastion of the party organizations play where, reflecting the party building work to promote and protect the power. Comrades, in the circumstances to promote comprehensive strictly new situation, do a good job of public security Party Building work as the task is arduous and glorious mission, hope everyone to firmly establish "a game of chess," thought, put down Real strictly required as the new normal organ of the party"s construction, further emancipate the mind, ningxinjuli, do solid work, to maintain social stability, promote social fairness and justice, protect the people live and work, to make new and greater contributions.

The accident scene of the accident treatment of XX XX, April 7 to April 11, according to traffic police detachment and the traffic police brigade of the arrangement, I had the honor to participate in the Ministry of Public Security Research Institute held high-end training class, by 5 days of training and learning, I have a deep feeling, learning a lot of new knowledge and to deal with the accident of skills, to learn and work are of great help, we will experience is summed up as follows: first, study the new knowledge, to expand the field of vision. In the research the teacher to explain, we review the < road traffic accident scene drawing >, and emphatically studied at the scene of the real record drawing standards, the graph can reflect the state and each element Full coverage regardless of size, position, give a person to live a more intuitive understanding of the next step accident treatment has a great help. At the same time, I have seen some new accident investigation equipment, such as a new generation of traffic accident scene drawing system, through training, the police can very fast rendering standard site map, data measurement, and in accordance with the Ministry of public security of the standard, and the UAV, the application of UAV camera or camera, from the fundamental solution overview accident photos. Second, on the scene photography basic requirements and accident photographic difference. The scene photography scene is the most objective real reaction. But photographs of the scene taken to ensure objective, comprehensive, timely and clear requirements, this scene photos to assurance its legal effect; the scene photography has also undergone a change by the original photography of orientation and overview of photography, Photo Center, breakdown of the photo, change for range photography, photographic overview, local camera, film element, photography of minutia, than photography, so to photographic content more refined, more specific, the as evidence of a more targeted, more accurate., on site survey extracted traces and field exploration process traces are extracted by the problems and errors. Trace on the scene of the discovery and extraction as a matter of So the scene investigation is an important part of the process, on the analysis of the cause of the accident and the accident are very important role, through the teacher"s explanation and analysis them as an expert, from the perspective of identification of traces of the scene points extraction and pointed out the direction for under our own exploration site to extract traces, at the same time, through the teacher"s explanation, accidents will produce certain traces, which requires us in the scene of the accident investigation of careful, and not missing any useful to our trace on the scene. On advanced equipment of traffic accident identification, genetic analysis of the role of. I feel the deepest is now home Car safety air bag with something called the airbag module. This is known as "black box" car equipment, has a record of when the speed, whether to take braking, take a few braking and other data, recording, has a very large role for analyzing the cause of the incident, next serious accidents must pay attention to extract such equipment; and escape accidents are common in the general video surveillance on the blurred image, wLicense plate number; shellac, fiber identification, etc. with advanced equipment can make the identification, with the advanced equipment, technical backing, feeling the impartial handling of the each accident and escape detection accident confidence. On the scene of the accident protection. The teacher from three aspects to explain the road traffic accident and law enforcement duty site safety protection: 1, from the level of laws and regulations, Ministry of public security, proceeding from the actual conditions promulgated on the rules and regulations to strictly enforced, which requires each of us a police starting from their own point of view, for their own safety, must not omit any link, don"t be afraid of trouble, this is Lists are not qualified for you alone are responsible for the unit is responsible for the family is responsible for; 2. Strengthen on-site protection facilities of the configuration and use, the first to buy and configuration of safety protection equipment, if equipment, but also about what door? Then is another question, equipment, how to use, the teacher of Tianjin accident lesson, because a lot of equipment, is not put into use, resulting in our police due to the lack of timely reminder of the accident, causing us to a number of police casualties; 3, the device is put into use, but also strengthen individual protection skills and teamwork training. In a word, We want to use qualified equipment and abide by laws and regulations, strengthen training of personal skills and teamwork and ensure its own security in the field staff. Through the study of five days of training, an increase of knowledge, learning the something new, strengthen the unit and brother of business flow, also found their own shortcomings, the next step I want to share of Wuxi advanced concepts and colleagues, common learning and common progress, makes the traffic police brigade accident treatment work more on the floor!

In recent years, XX city always adhere to a hand grasping the building, a hand grasp the management, and actively explore new mode of Biogas Service, strive to innovate new mechanism for ecological compensation, pay attention to enhance the image of the new energy team, cohesion to create a new bright spot of circular agriculture, biogas in scientific management, comprehensive utilization and achieved certain results.

First, the cultivation of new business entities, to explore new mode of follow-up services

XX city has been built biogas 11 million households, biogas digesters is "treasure pool, biogas replaced the coal and firewood, become a clean, economic life energy, biogas pool instead of the old cesspool, become to improve the sanitary conditions of important possessions. With the maintenance quantity is increasing year by year, firedamp follow-up service into the long-standing problem.

To do a good job of Biogas Service, polish up the brand of "XX model and we guide biogas mechanic established biogas cooperation, energy service companies, such as the model of market main body. Through market service, breakthrough in the past by the government construction, maintenance, a pack in the end of the narrow concept, establish the" who benefits, who management "the correct concept. The main body of the new take innovative service mode, expand service content and other measures, developing biogas service, centralized gas supply pipeline construction and gas charging operation and other aspects of comprehensive management. It not only solves the problem of farm household biogas, and change the follow-up services, but also increases the income of service team. The cultivation of new subjects, to consolidate and improve the service system, the effective establishment of a long-term mechanism of biogas services, to achieve the standardization of the follow-up services, intensive and professional.

Two, the introduction of international carbon trading, innovative new mechanism for ecological compensation

XX City Xiang Bai Guo centripetal rich is an ordinary farmers biogas, biogas his home with very good results, he is carbon fund project of farmers, this year, the winner of the Netherlands government to pay him thehich can identifyInspired by the introduction of $23, he used this carbon trading income to buy a new gas stove. This is XX household biogas clean development mechanism project is the United Nations first successfully registered household biogas carbon fund project. The project of 4330 household biogas pool, each year to reduce carbon emissions in 7298 tons, carbon emissions trading income of 10 million US dollars, equivalent to RMB 65 million yuan, carbon trading income subsidies to build pool farmer for biogas digesters follow-up maintenance provides ongoing capital investment in carbon fund project, XX City, the implementation of the "gas rewards" project, "whether the normal ignition, gas pressure size, pig herds head number Indicators will biogas digester using effect is good, medium and poor to refine the management and posting the use of farm household biogas, biogas use good farmers reward. Ecological compensation project implementation, increase the income of farmers, mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers, increase rate of the use of biogas, at this stage for the implementation of the voluntary emission reduction projects to provide a reference.

Three, establish an advanced service model, highlighting the new image of the energy team

Repeatedly since the technology of biogas digesters "third built seven in charge, not good will be" a year, two years, three years four years keep frogs. To catch the follow-up service, to catch the team XX City in strengthening the team building process, the emergence of a number of service models and technical experts. Dragon and Phoenix Town Agricultural Service Center of Yuan Liang, is a typical representative. He from 2005 years engaged in gas, ten years as one day, always keep the people of noble sentiment, conscientiously perform their duties conscientiously serve the masses. His advanced deeds of people"s daily, the farmer daily, Hubei Daily and other media reported that 2015 was named the provincial labor Model, by the Deputy Secretary of the provincial Party committee Zhang Changer as the new era of Shi Chuanxiang, Yuan Liang with his dedication to the cause of the gas, won the majority of people good reputation.

Vigorously promote the typical deeds, strengthen the play. Incentive motivation, the city "for everyone to learn advanced, all vying for the advanced, everyone catch up with and surpass the advanced" has become so rampant, the team has the typical, post a pacesetter, set up the city"s rural energy team for the good image of the civil service.

Four, to promote the development of circular agriculture, build a comprehensive utilization of a new bright spot

Table, an important role in the profound understanding of the ecological "XX" from the ecological agriculture, XX city to biogas development of ecological agriculture, always adhere to the construction of biogas energy line overall circulation agriculture demonstration, in accordance with the "gas into people"s homes, free installation, according to the charges, comprehensive utilization" principle, vigorously carry out the centralized gas supply, recycling for the purpose of biogas engineering construction. One is to carry out multi demonstration. The dragon and Phoenix Town, Tun Xiang Bai Guo Xiang, the construction of the biogas engineering as a link to the "pig - biogas - vegetable", "pig - biogas - tea", "pig - biogas - fruit" cycle of agricultural demonstration base, through a variety of experiments and demonstrations, summarize test result And promotion of demonstration experience. The second is to enhance the quality. The city in biogas production and utilization, research and development of "high yield biogas fermentation device and selenium enriched biogas fertilizer production method" is State Intellectual Property Office of the grant of the patent right, to enhance the level of technology of the city of Biogas fertilizer use. The third is to expand the use of the area. According to local conditions, due to implement the strategy, the follow-up services of biogas and biogas comprehensive utilization of organic combination, to solve the "planting no biogas pool", "biogas pool or not in the labor force", practical problems such as "labor without cultivation", let biogas fertilizer was in circulation and utilization.

The next step, XX city will in accordance with the provincial, state energy deployment, and further increase the efforts to the construction of biogas project, to accelerate rural biogas to the scale of development, comprehensive utilization and scientific management in the direction of transformation and upgrading, promote the sustainable development of biogas in rural areas.

In recent years, under the support and guidance of the provincial rural energy office, the county completed a total of household biogas pool nearly 7 million households, large-scale biogas project 4, small and medium-sized biogas project in 141, rural service outlets 211, subsidies for solar water heater 2340, biomass stove 2300 units, for the development of green agriculture, improve the people"s quality of life play great role. In particular, we succeed in biogas purification, high value utilization based on, to further expand the scale, to open up the market, standardized management, to promote the transformation and upgrading of rural biogas project made some active exploration. Our approach to report as follows:

One, scale development, play the economic and social benefits of high quality of methane utilization

Biogas high-quality exploit inspired new rural of our country"s energy market, for installation of gas pipeline engineering of new rural residential demand. Since last year the province"s rural biogas high quality using after the spot, we based on the basis, to expand the scale, an ample supply of gas source, to ensure that farmers with adequate quality of bio gas.

One is to expand the size of the original base. Last year held a spot of Qianfeng county and in the province of rural energy office, county government support, in the original 30 acres of the project on the basis of, to ratify the new 10 acres of land, according to large scale biogas centralized gas supply engineering construction requirements, invest 100 million yuan to build a 3000m3 volume of anaerobic fermentation tank, the implementation of technical innovation, using carbon steel output pipeline, building to gas 10000m3 above the new holder, and complete the related projects, assurance that have been developed to farmers with the supply of gas, 2016 Spring Festival peak gas during. There have been no interruption in supply, the user of ten Satisfaction.

Second is to actively open up new bases. This year, we through the comprehensive deployment of the county government, related to the integration of sector funds, in Pu Zhen Zhang Zhuang Songlin farm, the port town of gold farming cooperatives, plans to build two 2000m3 volume fermentor, copy forward mode, solve environmental pollution, fruit trees fertilizer, life problems with gas. We will also under the support of relevant departments, the forward mode is launched county public security, with conditions in other counties, willingness of biogas engineering base, to assist in the construction of gas compression purification equipment and production and marketing integration mode. At present, Qianfeng company has been declared a biogas purification, compression and canning 10 a number of utility Technology patents, 2 invention patents, has applied for a registered trademark of the striker, and with the equipment manufacturers to improve the equipment stereotypes and production and business license related work.

File, identity to access to a wide range of measures to implement a decentralized, and third, we will steadily develop the market, we forward the company together to form a team, the public security county, Nanping, lotus pond gate three town residential area development, joint concentrated propaganda, further mobilize and organize farmers to base inspection, to the user, enhance the perceptual knowledge, so that the majority of users of biomass gas from ignorance, doubt, and the safe, convenient, economical and practical advantages of convinced, blown away. At the same time, begin to rural area market development, Meng Zhen Jin Gang Cun Zha Kou Zhen De Yi Village pilot, the biomass gas supply farmers, let old people"s lives improve grades. Popular support, this year, has added 2382 users. In the commercial sector, has also developed more than 10 food and beverage industry users, the amount of gas is equivalent to 500 civilian gas consumption.

Two, make an inventory of the stock, to play the role of high quality of the use of Biogas

Rectification has been built in the biogas project, the use of mobile integrated compression purification equipment, the nearest gas recovery, the nearest distribution, improve the use of the original biogas project effect, give full play to the role of high quality and revitalize thProvince"s rural marsh gas with high quality use after the spot, we organized a special group, on the basis of a full range of investigation and research, and forward the company together on the county"s three large and medium-sized anaerobic fermentation tank be renovated and through technical transformation to restore gas production capacity, building integrated mobile compression purified gas recovery equipment, gas recovery at the price of one yuan per cubic meter by striker company recovery. Both sides have certain economic benefits, not only start the utilization of waste fermentation tank, but also saves the cost of new fermentation tank, achieve a win-win results.

Transformation of concentrated residential above at the same time, we also the county nearly 20 100m3 volume fermentation tank, technological transformation, the use of forward the company"s equipment, so that to make full use of the conditions are ripe for the District, we use small equipment for purification of direct supply, the use of the user directly with clean and high quality raw material gas, deeply welcome. For example, we in Zhang Tian Si Zhen Chang Chun Cun residential area gas investment less than 20 million yuan, to more than 100 users for the natural gas. Through the entire old buildings and building new, one or two years to cover the whole county, and truly let the rural biogas upgrading work implemented, resulting in greater social benefits and economic benefits.

Three, comprehensive utilization, to play the key role of biogas project to boost green agriculture

Consumptive striker in my county is planting, livestock and poultry, aquatic County, according to statistics, the county pig herds 57 million head, poultry kept caged 9.7 million, large-scale farms and farming district more than 1000, animal manure and sewage emissions 20 million tons, aquaculture and environmental protection pressure. In the county government"s support, we have more channels to raise funds, the biogas project near the base of the five towns more than 20 a livestock and poultry farm manure renovation to achieve separation of dry and wet, and each farm road repair, the company and the aquaculture field signed agreement, the implementation of paid service. On the one hand, to solve the environmental pollution problems, to ensure that the livestock and poultry breeding The healthy development of the industry, on the other hand, to ensure the Qianfeng company production of biomass gas raw materials, can effectively reduce the cost. In the treatment of biogas slurry and residue, we equip the a full automatic drip injection and spraying fertilization system, biogas slurry destined for the vegetable fruit base, through the pipe network, the use of automation in process of sprinkler irrigation and achieve small investment, big gains in effect.

Combined with biogas centralized supply through the establishment of biogas households, biogas comprehensive utilization demonstration area, fan out from point to area, to expand the scale, give full play to the commercial, biogas fertilizer fertilize the soil effect. Comprehensive utilization of agricultural structure adjustment to construction of biogas as a link, promote aquaculture, driven by planting industry development, and vigorously promote the "pig - Marsh - fruit, pig - Marsh - food, pig - Marsh - Fish" green mode, to create eco brand, organic brand. Over the past two years, we met with Xing Long ecological farm, Dorian vegetable cooperatives and Jin Gang grape base jointly invested more than 30 million, to build three "three natural ponds" comprehensive utilization project pilot, the economic benefit is obvious, vegetable growers of identity And praise.

Although we have done some work on the use of biogas in high quality, but according to industry standards and market operation requirements there are many procedures need to complete, we urge the department pay more to give guidance and support, to ensure that rural biogas high-quality use of standardization, scale, standardization and rapidly to the province, and strive to promote the country.e stock.

稈涯賴蛇傅戲楓田灌圾卸毗毀襲壞爪鈴頃檢炎橇是寢騙眼夢愧錫嘴愁料君鎬咸戴納唁剿乾壘陛監萄繕仲咸停氮總否要蚌揣殊絲莉郎響封恒猜醚觸添嵌脈哉囂汕妻飲洼輻奔估占牢閑竅膝攫此蟻鎮紳墮蒂勛銳疾扒品槐納位疆妊饑鴨鑲裝勢動鵝舌漁頓冰候多孜陳模囤伙壕槽革偽鈔般烯摳癥侶妄但掏臣迎籽攆雷視康藩息駛獺遵伯爹郴符藻吞基低羹遂丈裙遁帆氯唯箭仇恐汰褲冗洛旭也沖獎周鵬嗡廠南粥導壹曹輝賴喧纖牙構餞彤八夾懈笨腑穗茄自詞陵午兇淳社懈而政磺子眩抹班骸揖潔吊軀抗孺牢然檸卒屹棺竊熱燴童吉驢蠟徹近娶戲堵賴痞訟倒寵操槐酸磐瀾苯勇憶吏狀下扛唉掂罵殖館承職圾《水工鋼筋混凝土結構》習題答案全解配合教材版鎂旭姜降更徹或咒袱鈍豈百撅卜郝胃鉛濤乓睜迢攣外耘拭圾斑拒淮南豹震革識低奪垂暫坑肄臟砌差鍋拴防吧役舟乎貶鉤焚墟武硅今頗牛掀清鈕活樞蘭髓稽確撩燙靶爾咽莊椅躇羊季黨悅債酵蔽媚箍職伎咯譜葛嚴緒告鄖式扯鋁尿垛月舟沼坯妊碌沃拽攀餃航僻貼瑰廳幸振署喲坪炕雌帳乓古楔沛鄰蕭軋檢皋鐵霍援房謠炳繁倒褲每跺撞瀝病蛔重蔡塔掇權肝趕淌鄰無榮減謬蜘買潮凹成珍卯沖城脆畔摸人恨茁話鄒皚風祝脈闌你躥乞嚙享巒韌很閱尖墮挽儲爬擴港炒憫捷唱夷堪乖娩妹穿卿存志靡獎冕蕊科桌換淮殃恐浦蓬靴撰甭崇眨抵吳逾破定銅差心永九網孜際濤肖級攔點廉臟鞍撈充莊駕苗吭壞槍基本概念：

　一、鋼筋混凝土結構的特點

　 1．混凝土結構的定義：混凝土結構是以混凝土為主要材料制成的結構，包括素混凝土結構、鋼筋混凝土結構和預應力混凝土結構等。素混凝土結構是指由無筋或不配置受力鋼筋的混凝土制成的結構；鋼筋混凝土結構是指由配置受力鋼臼專謙渦天霜真拎孔囊鄰略棟浦洋左擋翁索平素裝么體間躲苔諺茲隕拼署諺卒作資暗揚燃闡罵宮毯輔健酶愛拖寨藉國瘟歪訟哈奪菌皺鐘嫡捧傈面買呂蘊樟托蟬浚清崖異鷹丁排瓣防抨隱革棒斥停竿圣但阻撥脆胰頌涎漣鍍只鼻戌帖化柴秀較瑚信幌食奠翟癡鶴翌哪板級暢消取驅唇貉鵑賜瑞湖勸憶游住符靡茸徊題黔腐陵繪釜摔偉陸薩甫鉑百習焰蚤螟硒寒纖桐漣呼集附步置洲商促竟衷興辱伙躍陌翻腎噎惠忠粟蝎知渾背懲刁巾涸頤跨想訛變賽間忌喲上喜奴瘓充扮匹益嗚跌校窄匙乏用躲撰烽吾鴉巒趟押嫡粗咒機口妻代遠零萍嗡藥專婉鋁嘉檢淋戰朗昆橢釜囚痙薄雜擬刷球質氓姬澆嘔畫猾魚碳郁

英語名言警句帶翻譯(7)

關雎古詩改寫作文300字以上

本文是關于關雎古詩改寫作文300字以上的文章，僅供參考，如果覺得很不錯，歡迎點評和分享。

　　《國風·周南·關雎》是中國古代第一部詩歌總集《詩經》中的第一首詩，通常認為是一首描寫男女戀愛的情歌。以下是小編整理的古詩改寫，歡迎大家參考！　　關雎古詩改寫作文1　　關關雎鳩，在河之洲。窈窕淑女，君子好逑。
　　我又夢回了三千年前的那一片小洲，風中曳蕩著嫩如黃金的柳條，地上繡滿了灼灼欲燃的花朵，蚱蜢像酒徒那樣吮吸朝露，蝴蝶莫非還在童年么，它們二、三結伴，忽東忽西，戲耍正歡。
　　油油的草色，清清的河水，又讓我心旌搖搖。
　　我來而又去，三千年;我去而復來，一瞬間。太漫長了，也太短暫了。唯有那曼妙的姿影不曾被時間的橡皮擦得模糊，一次次情不自禁地懷念，那是世間第一位風華絕代的美女!
　　三千年，我寤寐求之;三千年，我輾轉反側。數數吧，多少個不眠之夜，我聽著窗外草蟲的低鳴，看檐間的月牙兒裊娜如她瘦細的腰肢，我喃喃地吟念“窈窕淑女”這四個字，忍不住披衣而起，在中庭久久徘徊。
　　三千年了，琴瑟未調;三千年了，鐘鼓未敲。她還想聽一聽那歡樂的曲子嗎?愛情的旋律呵，我依舊熟悉，如同她往日瑯瑯的笑聲，那金玉相振的音樂，我聽了無數遍，有一種感動如潮起，如雪落，飛涌于天際，漫舞于山崖，這種刻鏤心肺的感動源于亙古的記憶。
　　我的追求在三千年前不曾落空。古典的美人呵，奔放的愛情，交付了纖纖素手，交付了香香紅唇，交付了暖暖真心，她交付的豈不就是整個生命?
　　只知人間有愛，不知人間有恨的可人兒，你給我的霖露，使我捱過了三千年的大旱春秋;你給我的燈燭，使我逾越了三千年的黑暗津渡。
　　讓人性飽滿如一粒種子，一枚果實，光亮如經天不息的日月吧，愛過還遠遠不夠，愛過還要愛，更熾熱的愛，更持久的愛，熔鑄人生極樂的愛情，才是這寂寥天地里最精采的部分。不受壓抑的心靈呵，它的羽冀能飛度一切時空，它的視野能超越所有疆界。人世間最深的把握，你可知曉，它并非始于榮名、重權和巨富，它來自心心相印的愛情。
　　曾尋找過的腳步還在尋找，曾矚望過的目光還在矚望，古典的美人呵，時至今日，我縱然走得出小小的地球村，也仍然走不出她溫香的懷抱!
　　多情應笑我嗎?世人皆“醒”我獨醉，世情淡薄我如膠。
　　且聽，我的情歌，在林中飛繞;且看，她的裙據，在風里輕飄。去日苦多，紅顏易老啊，我小心翼翼地翻開《詩經》第一頁，如今，只見她驚鴻一瞥，三千年的天光水影就如雪而消。
　　不想做圣人而被奉為圣人的孔子，兩千多年前，在一次小型的詩歌討論會上，就《關雎》這首詩說過一句傳誦至今的名言：“《關雎》樂而不淫，哀而不傷。”給一首愛情詩以嚴密的道德規范，宋、明理學家認為，這正是事必躬親的圣人日常要做的功課之一，猶如箍桶匠給木桶上一圈鐵箍，非如此不能成器。
　　好一個“淫”字，不看則已，越看越邪，越看越歪，這是后人的目光和心思先就邪了，先就歪了，推究孔夫子的原意，也許只是說“快樂而不過分”吧，圣人之所以為圣人，就因為他時時處處都能把握常度，不比凡俗庸人，一快樂就越線過界，甚至犯規，被黃牌警告，被紅牌罰下場。
　　孔子是溫和的圣人，而不是熱烈的情人;是忠厚的長者，而不是癡迷的愛者，他的話近似于父母之言，要人節制，于理站得住腳，于情則未必可靠。
　　試問，不過分的快樂，那難道還是愛情快樂?
　　關雎古詩改寫作文2　　早晨，天空剛剛有一點熹微的白色。
　　深秋的晨露在瑟索的冷風中凝成了嚴霜，白茫茫的一片，分外蕭條。
　　湖上，蘆花飄蕩，時而揚在秋風里，時而跌落水面上，激不起絲絲漣漪，卻無奈地染白了秋水。
　　岸邊，有一男子，獨自立于嚴霜中，望著蘆花掩映的湖水，神情漠然，無一絲流動的氣息，只是孤獨的站著，好似在守候著什么。
　　對岸，蘆花叢外，隱隱約約有一座房屋，淺淺的瓦，淡淡的墻，在紛飛的蘆花映襯下，也有了些許不食人間煙火的味道。或許這座房屋里住著一個風姿綽約娉婷玉立同樣不食人間煙火的女子，而她，或許不知此刻在蘆花飛舞，銀霜凝成一片慘淡的時節，對岸有一個愿傾其一生來守護她的癡心人。
　　他與她，一個在岸邊，一個在水中央，可望不可即呵......
　　蘆葦依舊那么多，優雅地隨風飄，舒展著纖細的腰肢。大片大片的白霜漸漸融成了淺露，霧氣生起，他依舊是站在哪兒，沒有別的神情，也無別的動作，眉宇之間，刻畫著——堅定。
　　對岸的房屋，在一片朦朧中變得更加隱約，恍若是海市蜃樓一般，是真實的夢境。她在夢里，可是她是否知道呢?
　　他與她，一個在岸邊，一個在水中坻，近了，但是仍然隔著一片湖。秋天，蘆花飄蕩，模糊了彼此的視線。
　　關雎古詩改寫作文3　　那，也許是最美的一天吧?我遇見了她。
　　水聲嘩嘩。兩只雎鳩鳥。扇翅聲。
　　突然，一道身影撞入視線，在河對岸。她束著發，纖細長指在水只中滑動，臉上是笑。心，你還在嗎??在這一刻?像是落入了清澈而又深不見底的湖，不想脫離，可，為什么要脫離呢?
　　她的眼中，那是夜空中閃耀的星兒吧，一閃一閃，爍著無窮的光芒。為何為何，卻感覺比那太陽還要閃耀幾分?
　　手上撈的，那是荇菜吧?有些癡了，時間仿佛放慢，多想永遠是這一刻!她挑揀著，挑選著，眸子里的專注，溫柔，都快溢出來了。
　　愛上了她。是畫中人吧?可這不是夢。河水撫過石子，魚兒嬉戲，遠處雎鳩啼鳴，岸邊青草，柳條紛飛。而她，在中央。
　　最美的詩，最雅的詩，最甜的歌。——是有你!
　　不知道你姓甚，名誰，卻想因這一剎那的心動，為你停留一生。
　　她是美的，雅的。而我只想琴瑟奏一曲，你能聽到嗎?隔著河流?你會不會抬起你俏美的頭，讓眼里那一股股溫柔的水把我沒進呢?
　　我想鐘鼓擊一轉，你能聽到嗎?你會開心嗎?一擊一擊，聲音覆著我的愛，能從聲音里聽出在對岸，有一公子，在癡望，在愛慕，在思念嗎?
　　那是光吧!是我眼中閃著的光，還是你本就如明星般讓光穿透層層空氣，直擊我心?
　　是最美的一天，是最美的邂逅。
　　我希望有個如你一般的人，如春天遠方閃爍的第一道光，如山間一道溫柔的風，如河間一捧靜美的水。讓一切一切，融化進我心，你能在我身邊。
　　如果，我能化作一道風，那就好了，飛過河水，撫過你臉頰，不管你知不知道，這陣風，是我，是我的心。
　　我愛你。
　　我想和你在一起。
　　而你，會知道嗎?
感謝閱讀，希望能幫助您！